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Essentials of Genetics
Essentials of Genetics is a guided introduction to many key concepts in genetics, from DNA structure and function to population genetics. It provides an excellent reference for students or lifelong learners and can be a teaching tool for faculty, featuring high quality video-based visualizations of genetics processes, clear explanations, and links to advanced study resources.
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A
adaptation
- Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
- Characterizing signals of selection in humans
- Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
- Geographic Mosaics of Coevolution
- Life History Evolution
- Physiological Optima and Critical Limits
- Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
- The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history
allele
- Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
- Bayesian Estimation
- Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
- Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
- Maximum Likelihood Estimation
- Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
- Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
- Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
- Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
- Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
amino acid
- Amino Acid
- An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids
- Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
- Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
- Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
- The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
- The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
animal development
- <i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
- Atavism: Embryology, Development and Evolution
- Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
- Birth Defects: Prevention and Treatment
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
- Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
- Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
B
bacteria
- Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria
- Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
- Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
- Intro to Microbial Genetics
- Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
- Operons and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
- Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
- Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
- The Extracellular Bastions of Bacteria — A Biofilm Way of Life
- The Two Empires and Three Domains of Life in the Postgenomic Age
- Why Are Cells Powered by Proton Gradients?
biodiversity
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability
- Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Declines
- Conceptualizing and Evaluating Non-Native Species
- Conservation Biology: Ethical Foundations
- Ecology of Wetland Ecosystems: Water, Substrate, and Life
- Environmental Ethics
- Food Safety and Food Security
- Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
- Hybridization and Gene Flow
- Ponds and Lakes: A Journey Through the Life Aquatic
- The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
- What Are Soils?
biotechnology
- Biotechnology Industry
- Biotechnology: Ray Lockard
- FDA on transgenic animals—a dog's breakfast?
- Intro Biotechnology: Techniques and Applications
- Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
- Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology
- The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes
- Transgenic Animals in Agriculture
C
cancer
- A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene
- Aging and Cell Division
- Cancer
- Cell Division and Cancer
- Centrosome aberrations: cause or consequence of cancer progression?
- Chest X-ray showing a suspicious mass on the left lung, which could be cancer.
- Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
- DNA methylation data can classify different types of cancer
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
- Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
- Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
- Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
- Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
- Genetic Regulation of Cancer
- Gleevec: the Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment
- Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
- Human Genetics
- Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
- L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
- Mitosis and Cell Division
- p53 : The Most Frequently Altered Gene in Human Cancers
- Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
- Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
- Questionable Prognostic Value of Genetic Testing
- The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
- The Discovery of Lysosomes and Autophagy
- Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
chromatin
- Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
- Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
- DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
- Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
- Gene Expression Regulates Cell Differentiation
- Local remodeling of chromatin for transcription
- Mitosis and Cell Division
- Regulated nucleosome mobility and the histone code.
- Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
- The Formation of Heterochromatin and RNA interference
- The N terminus
chromosome
- Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies
- Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
- Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms
- Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells
- Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
- Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
- Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
- Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited
- Chromosomes
- Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
- Developing the Chromosome Theory
- Discovery of a previously unrecognized microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2–p12.2.
- DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Eukaryotic cells must tightly fold their DNA so that it fits within the cellular nucleus.
- Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
- Gene Mapping and Disease
- Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
- Genetic Recombination
- Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
- Homologue interactions during meiosis
- Human Chromosome Number
- Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
- Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
- Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
- Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
- Mitosis and Cell Division
- Mitosis, Meiosis, and Inheritance
- Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
- Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
- Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
- Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
- Supercoiled chromosome of E. coli.
- Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
- Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
- The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
- Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
- Types of Genetic Disease
chromosome territories
- Cell biology: Chromosome territories
- Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells
- Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells
- Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
- Visualization of chromosome territories by fluorescence in situ hybridization
comparative genomic hybridization
- Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
- Comparative genome hybridization
- Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
- Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
- Discovery of a previously unrecognized microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2–p12.2.
- Discovery of previously unidentified genomic disorders from the duplication architecture of the human genome
- Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
- Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
complex trait
- Behavioral Genomics
- DTC Genetic Testing for Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Heart Disease and Paternity
- Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
- Gene Interaction and Disease
- Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
- Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
- Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
- Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
- Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
- Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
copy number variation
- Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
- Copy Number Variation
- Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
- Distribution of large-scale copy-number variations in the human genome.
- How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
- Human genome: Patchwork people
- Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
- Structural variation map.
cytogenetics
- Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
- Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
- Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
- Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
- Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology
D
disease
- <i>C. elegans</i>: Model Organism in the Discovery of PKD
- Chromosomes and Disease
- Current Dengue Fever Research
- Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
- Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility.
- Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility.
- Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
- Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
- Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
- Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
- Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination
- Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
- Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
- Genetic Regulation of Cancer
- Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
- Genome-Wide Association Studies and Human Disease Networks
- Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
- Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
- Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
- Imprinting and Genetic Disease: Angelman, Prader-Willi and Beckwith-Weidemann Syndromes
- L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
- Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
- mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
- Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
- Natural Selection: Uncovering Mechanisms of Evolutionary Adaptation to Infectious Disease
- Neurons and Naegleria fowleri
- Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
- Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
- Primate Conservation: Is the Cup Half Empty or Half Full?
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- Stress and Animal Health: Physiological Mechanisms and Ecological Consequences
- What Is Dengue Fever?
DNA
- Comparative Methylation Hybridization
- Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
- Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
- Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick
- DNA
- DNA double helix
- DNA is a double helix.
- DNA polymerase
- DNA replication
- DNA Sequencing Technologies
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Does life history affect molecular evolutionary rates?
- Gene Expression and Regulation
- Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
- Genetic Mutation
- Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid.
- Helicase
- How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
- Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase
- Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
- mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
- Paternity Testing: Blood Types and DNA
- Prenatal Screen Detects Fetal Abnormalities
- Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
- Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
- Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- Single stranded DNA
- Single stranded DNA
- Supercoiled DNA
- The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes
- The DNA double helix looks like a twisted ladder
- The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
- Transgenic Animals in Agriculture
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
- Using Molecular Techniques to Answer Ecological Questions
DNA repair
- DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
- DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation
- Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
- Genetic Mutation
- Mechanism of homologous recombination: mediators and helicases take on regulatory functions
- Nucleotide-excision repair removes bulky DNA lesions that distort the double helix.
- Repair of DNA double-strand breaks by DSBR and SDSA.
DNA sequencing
- Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals
- Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
- DNA Sequencing Technologies
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Genomes and Disease
- Idealized representation of the hierarchical shotgun sequencing strategy.
- Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
E
environment
- Birth Defects: Prevention and Treatment
- Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
- Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
- Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
- Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
- Epigenetic Influences and Disease
- Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
- Genes and the Environment
- Genes and the Environment: The Myth of Genetic Determinism
- Geoengineering and Environmental Ethics
- GM crops: Battlefield
- Life History Evolution
- Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
- Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
- Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development
- Why Are Life Histories So Variable?
epigenetic process
- An illustration of how epigenetic mechanisms can affect health.
- Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)
- Chromatin Remodeling and DNase 1 Sensitivity
- Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
- Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
- Germ Cells and Epigenetics
- Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
- Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.
evolution
- <i>Homo floresiensis</i>: Making Sense of the Small-Bodied Hominin Fossils from Flores
- Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders
- An alternative, but misleading, metaphor for evolution is the ladder of life, also called the scala naturae.
- An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids
- Atavism: Embryology, Development and Evolution
- Biological Complexity and Integrative Levels of Organization
- Characterizing signals of selection in humans
- Evolution Is Change in the Inherited Traits of a Population through Successive Generations
- Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
- Evolutionary alternation of diploidy and polyploidy
- Genetic Variation and Evolution
- Genomics: Protein fossils live on as RNA.
- How to Become a Primate Fossil
- Human Evolutionary Tree
- Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
- Life History Evolution
- Long term stabilizing selection can explain
- MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
- Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
- Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
- Negative Selection
- Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
- Polyploidy
- Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
- Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.
- Sex Determination in Honeybees
- Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
- Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation
- The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid
- The Evolution of Aging
- The evolution of apical dominance in maize (Zea mays)
- The evolution of apical dominance in maize.
- The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history
- The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
- The Origin of Mitochondria
- Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
- Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome
- Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and the Evolution of Multicellularity
F
G
gene
- A Brief History of Genetics: Defining Experiments in Genetics
- Behavioral Genomics
- Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
- Comparative Methylation Hybridization
- Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
- Developing the Chromosome Theory
- Diagnostic Testing and the Ethics of Patenting DNA
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
- Genetic Regulation of Cancer
- Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
- Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
- Quantitative mapping of amplicon structure by array CGH identifies CYP24 as a candidate oncogene.
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
- Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
- What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units
gene expression
- <i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
- A cyclical wave of hairy1 mRNA expression occurs during the formation of each somite in chick embryos.
- Altered patterns of segmentation gene expression in dCtBP mutants
- Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
- DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
- Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
- Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
- Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
- Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
- Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
- Imprinting and Genetic Disease: Angelman, Prader-Willi and Beckwith-Weidemann Syndromes
- Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
- Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
- Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
- Proteins and Gene Expression
- Reading the Genetic Code
- Recruitment to the Nuclear Periphery Can Alter Expression of Genes in Human Cells
- Regulation of mRNA Splicing by Signal Transduction
- Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- RNA Functions
- RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
- The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression
- Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
- Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation.
- Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation.
- X Chromosome: X Inactivation
gene therapy
- Gene targeting with recombinant adenoviral vectors
- Gene Therapy
- Gene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness
- Gene Therapy Restores Vision to Mice
- Gene therapy: trials and tribulations
- Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
- Precise hit: adeno-associated virus in gene targeting
- Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
- Restoration of retinal and visual function in RPE65 mutant dogs by subretinal AAV-RPE65 therapy
- Sports, Gene Doping, and WADA
genetic drift
- Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture
- Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations
- Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
- Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
- The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works
genetic variation
- Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
- Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders
- Calculation of Complex Disease Risk
- Copy Number Variation
- Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
- Estimating Trait Heritability
- Eukaryotic Genome Complexity
- Genetic basis of proteome variation in yeast.
- Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
- Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
- Genetic Variation and Evolution
- Genomes and Disease
- Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
- Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race
- Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
- Positive Selection in East Asians for an EDAR Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are one way that researchers track genetic variation.
- The origin of malaria: mixed messages from genetic diversity
- Using SNP Data to Examine Human Phenotypic Differences
genome
- Long-range sequence assembly in whole-genome shotgun sequencing
- Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
- Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Eukaryotic Genome Complexity
- Evolutionary alternation of diploidy and polyploidy
- Functions and Utility of <i>Alu</i> Jumping Genes
- Genetics of Dog Breeding
- Genome construction
- Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
- Genomics
- Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
- Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
- Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes
- mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
- Online Community for Genetic Educators: At the NIH
- Polyploidy
- Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
- Transposons, or Jumping Genes: Not Junk DNA?
genomics
- Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises
- Genomics
- Genomics
- Genomics Databases
- How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
- Ontologies: Scientific Data Sharing Made Easy
- Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development
- Systems Biology of the Cell
- The 'Omics Age
- The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
H
Human Genome Project
- Comparative Methylation Hybridization
- DNA Sequencing Technologies
- DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
- Gene Mapping and Disease
- Genomes and Disease
- Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises
- Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- The 'Omics Age
- The Human Genome Project
- Total amount of human sequence data in the High Throughput Genomic Sequence division of GenBank, from January 1996 to October 2000.
- Total amount of human sequence in the High-Throughput Genomic Sequences (HTGS) division of GenBank.
hypoxia
- Direct transcriptional targets of HIF
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
- Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
- Genomic responses to hypoxia
I
K
karyotype
- A human metaphase plate, from the original Tjio and Levan paper, showing 46 chromosomes.
- Chromosome banding as revealed by different staining techniques
- Chromosomes and Disease
- Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
- DTC Genetic Testing for Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Heart Disease and Paternity
- DTC Genetic Testing: 23andme, DNA Direct and Genelex
- Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
- Human chromosome 12: high resolution.
- Human chromosome 12: low resolution.
- Human Chromosome Number
- Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
- Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Partial karyotype of six mitotic cells photographed with quinacrine fluorescence
- Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
L
linkage
- Chromosome Theory and the Castle and Morgan Debate
- Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
- Gene Interaction and Disease
- Gene Mapping and Disease
- Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
- Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease.
- Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease.
- Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number
- Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping
- Why didn't Gregor Mendel find linkage?
M
meiosis
- Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies
- Chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis in a process called crossing over.
- During metaphase II, the chromosomes align along the cell's equatorial plate.
- Genetic Recombination
- Homologue interactions during meiosis
- How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
- Meiosis
- Meiosis.
- Meiosis: cell-cycle controls shuffle and deal
- Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution
- Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities
- Recombination in meiosis.
- Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
- The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles
methylation
- Bisulphite genomic sequencing procedure.
- Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
- Chromosomal profiles of DNA methylation in colon cancer cells
- Comparative Methylation Hybridization
- DNA Sequencing Technologies
- Epigenetic Influences and Disease
- Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
- Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
- Germ Cells and Epigenetics
- Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells
- Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells.
- Molecular mechanism of plaque formation in the artery
- The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
- Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.
microarray
- Comparative Methylation Hybridization
- Diagram of the microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) process.
- Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
- Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
- Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
- How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
- Microarray chip
- Microarray filled
- Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
- Strategies for identifying virulence genes using microarrays.
- Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology
- The 'Omics Age
- The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
- Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
- Whole genome microarray.
microsatellite
- DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
- Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture
- Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Obesity
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- Using Genetics to Understand Primate Social Systems
- Using Molecular Techniques to Answer Ecological Questions
mitochondria
- Cell Origins and Metabolism
- Human Evolutionary Tree
- Kinetoplastids and Their Networks of Interlocked DNA
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondria and the Immune Response
- Mitochondrial Fusion and Division
- mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
- Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance
- The Apicoplast: An Organelle with a Green Past
- The Origin of Mitochondria
mitochondrial DNA
- Cytoplasmically inherited characteristics frequently exhibit extensive phenotypic variation because cells and individual offspring contain various proportions of cytoplasmic genes.
- Estimated mitochondrial dNTP concentrations in rat tissues.
- Human Evolutionary Tree
- lacZ mutant frequencies for products of pol gap filling.
- mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
- Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance
- Sequence analysis of lacZ mutants.
mitosis
- Cancer
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
- Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
- Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
- Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
- During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.
- L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
- Mitosis
- Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities
- The eukaryotic cell cycle
- The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles
- The mitotic spindle (white) begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.
mRNA
- Alternative RNA splicing.
- Bicoid mRNA in a fruit fly (Drosophila) embryo.
- Eukaryotic cells have alternative pathways for processing pre-mRNA.
- Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
- MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
- mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
- Nascent pre-mRNAs.
- Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
- Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
- The elaboration of the Central Dogma
- Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
mutation
- A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type
- Comparative Methylation Hybridization
- Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
- Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in Drosophila
- Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
- DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
- DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation
- Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
- Epigenetic Influences and Disease
- Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
- Genetic Mutation
- Human Evolutionary Tree
- Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
- Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
- Medical Ethics: Genetic Testing and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
- Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
- mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
- Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution
- Negative Selection
- Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race
- Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
- Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
- Slipped-strand mispairing.
- The Evolution of Aging
- The overwhelming majority of mutations have very small effects.
- Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
N
natural selection
- Evolution of Drug Resistance in Malaria Parasite Populations
- Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
- Life History Evolution
- Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations
- Negative Selection
- Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
- Primate Speciation: A Case Study of African Apes
- The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works
O
P
pharmacogenomics
- Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
- Controversies in Treatment Approaches: Gene Therapy, IVF, Stem Cells, and Pharmacogenomics
- Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
- Pharmacogenetics goes genomic
- Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
- Pharmacogenomics: bench to bedside
- Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
phenotype
- Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
- Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
- Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
- Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
- Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
- Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
- Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
- Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
- Estimating Trait Heritability
- Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
- Genetics of Dog Breeding
- Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
- Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
- Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
- Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits
- Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
- Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
phylogenetic tree
- A minimal tree of vertebrates
- Levels of detail in genetic history: from individuals to a branch on the phylogenetic tree.
- Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups
- State change and trait fixation
- Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
polymorphism
- A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome
- Common deletion polymorphisms in the human genome
- Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
- Copy Number Variation
- DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
- Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number
- Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
prokaryote
- Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Intro to Microbial Genetics
- Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
- Operons and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
- Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
- RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
promoter
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Regulation of Cancer
- Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
- Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
- Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
protein
- Amino Acid
- Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
- Epigenetic Influences and Disease
- Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
- Genetic Regulation of Cancer
- Nutrient Utilization in Humans: Metabolism Pathways
- Protein Misfolding and Degenerative Diseases
- Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
- The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
- The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
R
recessive
- Autosomal recessive traits normally appear with equal frequency in both sexes and seem to skip generations.
- Epistasis: Gene Interaction and Phenotype Effects
- Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
- Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
- Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
- Test Crosses
recombination
- Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
- Gene Mapping and Disease
- How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
- Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
- McClintock and Creighton's work in maize shows physical evidence of recombination.
- Recombination in meiosis.
- Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
- The presence of peaks in crossover activity, which are embedded in
- Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping
- Where the crossovers are: recombination distributions in mammals
ribosome
- During initiation, the ribosome (grey globe) docks onto the mRNA at a position near the start codon (red).
- Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
- Ribosome
- Ribosome with peptide
- Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
- The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
- The ribosome assembles the polypeptide chain
- The translation process terminates after a stop codon signals the ribosome to fall off the RNA.
- To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
- Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.
RNA polymerase
- DNA Transcription
- During elongation, the new RNA strand becomes longer and longer as the DNA template is transcribed.
- RNA Polymerase
- Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
- Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
- The RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA template strand
- Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
S
selection
- Different types of selection
- Entomology: Butterflies at that awkward age
- Estimating Trait Heritability
- Genetics of Dog Breeding
- Haldane's Rule: the Heterogametic Sex
- Long term stabilizing selection can explain
- Mapping quantitative trait loci in plants: uses and caveats for evolutionary biology
- Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
- Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation
- The Evolution of Aging
sex determination
- Evidence for the evolutionary nascence of a novel sex determination pathway in honeybees
- Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
- Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry
- Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
- Sex Determination in Honeybees
- The complementary sex determination pathway.
- Thomas Hunt Morgan and Sex Linkage
speciation
- High-Resolution Genome-Wide Dissection of the Two Rules of Speciation in Drosophila.
- Hybrid Incompatibility and Speciation
- Hybridization and Gene Flow
- Primate Speciation: A Case Study of African Apes
- Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
- Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
- The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
- The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
- Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
splicing
- Behavioral Genomics
- Characterization of the branch site in lariat RNAs produced by splicing of mRNA precursors
- Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
- Pre-mRNA splicing.
- RNA Functions
- RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
- Splicing double: insights from the second spliceosome
- Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
stem cells
- Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines
- Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines.
- Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines.
- In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state
- The X-inactivation center
- Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
- Turning Somatic Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Xist transcription in embryonic stem cells.
T
trait
- Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
- Behavioral Genomics
- Dimorphisms and Threshold Traits
- Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
- Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
- Negative Selection
- Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
- Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
- Sex-linked Diseases: the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
- Trait frequency can change within a population lineage.
transcription
- <i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
- Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria
- Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
- Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
- Concentration gradients of morphogens regulate transcription of other genes
- DNA is transcribed to form RNA.
- DNA Transcription
- Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
- Electron micrograph of nascent pre-mRNAs.
- EM of growing mRNAs in yeast show how transcription can be visualized in cells.
- Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
- Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
- Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
- Intro to Microbial Genetics
- Local remodeling of chromatin for transcription
- mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
- Nascent pre-mRNAs.
- Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
- Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation
- Riboswitches: A Common RNA Regulatory Element
- RNA Functions
- RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
- Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
- Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
- Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
- Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
- The catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds to the promoter of the lac operon and stimulates transcription.
- The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
- The elaboration of the Central Dogma
- Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
- Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
- What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units
transcription factor
- <i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
- Aging and Cell Division
- DNA Transcription
- Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
- Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
- Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
- Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
translation
- Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
- Discovery of the Giant Mimivirus
- DNA Transcription
- Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
- Intro to Microbial Genetics
- Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
- Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation
- RNA Functions
- RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
- Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
- Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
- The elaboration of the Central Dogma
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
- Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.
translocation
- Chromosomal translocations
- Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells
- Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
- Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited
- Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
- Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
- Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
- The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
tRNA
- Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
- Maturation and architecture of tRNA
- The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
- To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.
- Transfer or tRNA with an amino acid attached
- Transfer RNA
- Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
V
W
X
X inactivation
- A Morphological Distinction between Neurones of the Male and Female, and the Behaviour of the Nucleolar Satellite during Accelerated Nucleoprotein Synthesis
- Requirement for Xist in X chromosome inactivation
- Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
- The X-inactivation center
- X Chromosome: X Inactivation
- Xist transcription in embryonic stem cells.
Y
yeast
- Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
- Genetic basis of proteome variation in yeast.
- L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
- Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
- Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
- Yeast Fermentation and the Making of Beer and Wine
Z
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