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Stepwise evolution of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium in Africa is defined using genotypic and phenotypic analyses of isolates collected over a 50-yr period.
A non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae strain induces a unique NF-κB signature response in epithelial cells that requires the histone demethylase KDM6B. Modulation of KDM6B can interchange the host response to non-invasive and invasive pneumococcal strains, demonstrating the biological role of KDM6B in cellular responses during infection.
Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 viral RNAs and host cell proteins during infection are evaluated to improve our understanding of viral RNA functions and the host innate immune response.
Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates COVID-19 disease progression in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.
Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets with a nucleoside analogue (MK-4482/EIDD-2801) reduced the viral load in the upper respiratory tract and suppressed the spread of the virus to untreated ferrets. Therapeutic administration of MK-4482/EIDD-2801 may have the potential to break SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains.
A DNA-based vaccine elicits humoral and cellular immunity and provides protection against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus-mediated disease in a non-human primate model.
COVID-19-convalescent individuals maintain a strong neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 that has cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Neutralizing antibody titres depend on the severity of the disease and are positively correlated with the frequency of CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells and lymphocyte counts.
In this study, the authors use a transcriptional regulator-induced phenotype screen coupled with network analysis to characterize adaptations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the first-line anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid. They identify the transcriptional factor mce3R and the CtpD effector to have a role in Mycobacterium susceptibility to isoniazid.
β-barrel outer-membrane proteins are covalently attached to peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria including Coxiella burnetii, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Legionella pneumophila.
Bacterial–fungal interactions are studied using a combination of random barcode transposon-site sequencing, RNA sequencing, bacterial cytological profiling and metabolomics. Fungi cause widespread changes in the fitness of bacterial mutants and have both conserved and species-specific impacts on bacteria.
In α-proteobacteria, such as Brucella and Agrobacterium, the outer membrane is attached to the peptidoglycan by covalent cross-links between β-barrel-shaped proteins and peptidoglycan.
Here, the authors show that Salmonella activates the cytosolic PRR Nod-like Receptor CARD 4 (NLRC4), which limits adaptive T-cell responses in a NLRP3-dependent manner. Modification of Salmonella flagellin reduces NLRC4 activation and enhances protective immunity.
A longitudinal genomic surveillance of Enterococcus faecium carriage, environmental contamination and transmission in a defined patient cohort shows that a hospital-adapted E. faecium lineage was hyperendemic.
Neutralizing antibody responses of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 peak at 3–4 weeks post onset of symptoms, then decline to low levels over the course of 3 months in some individuals.