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Analysis of four Wolbachia strains that have co-diverged with their host lineage for ∼2 million years suggests a ∼200 Ma origin for supergroups A and B and reveals evidence for a recent lateral transfer of a complete biotic synthesis operon.
To replicate in Huh7 hepatoma cells, HCV must acquire mutations that prevent PI4KA over-activation. PI4KA-specific inhibitors promote replication of unadapted viral isolates and allow replication of patient-derived virus in cell culture.
Genomic analysis suggests pandemic Vibrio cholerae probably originated from a subset of environmental strains with alleles compatible with host colonization.
Viability polymerase chain reaction based on the photoreactive DNA-intercalating dye propidium monoazide revealed that on average 40% of prokaryotic and fungal DNA in soil is extracellular, or from cells no longer intact, confounding estimates of richness and taxon relative abundance.
While stimulation of TLR4 with LPS leads to an increase in glycolysis and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, complex microbial stimuli and the TLR2 ligand P3C induce upregulation of both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
Legionella pneumophila effector LepB harbours a cryptic lipid kinase domain that produces phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2). Successive LepB kinase and SidF phosphatase activities are needed for the generation of PtdIns4P on the Legionella-containing vacuole.
In response to lactate exposure, Candida albicans induces masking of β-glucan, a key PAMP, via a signalling pathway involving the Gpr1 receptor and Crz1 transcription factor.
Antibiotics reduce the fraction of active ribosomes rather than slow translational elongation, a process also observed during E. coli adaptation to slow-growth conditions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Esx-3 secretion substrate, EsxH, inhibits ESCRT function and blocks efficient antigen presentation to T cells during infection.
Influenza virus infection produces double-stranded RNA precursors that are converted to small interfering RNAs by host Dicer; this RNA interference mechanism is inhibited by viral protein NS1.
Dusp6-deficient mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. Transfer of the faecal microbiota from Dusp6-deficient mice increases energy expenditure and reduces weight gain of recipient germ-free wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet.
Staphylococcus aureus produces nitric oxide to regulate bacterial respiration and maintain membrane potential in microaerophilic conditions and during colonization.
Mice made susceptible to MERS-CoV, using CRISPR–Cas9 to alter the gene encoding the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 receptor, allow efficient viral replication in the lungs and display symptoms indicative of severe acute respiratory stress.
Study of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse system reveals that early life history impacts mouse gut microbiome composition and although dietary changes have only a moderate effect on the microbiome, it does shape the gut metabolome.
Characterization of the genomes of the parasite Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of river blindness, and its Wolbachia symbiont reveals potential therapeutic targets.
A genomic comparison of 27 global isolates of Onchocerca volvulus, the agent of river blindness, elucidates its evolutionary history and reveals ancestry informative loci that can differentiate between forest, savanna and admixed isolates.