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The structure of enterovirus 71 in complex with its receptor SCARB2 provides insights into the mechanism of viral uncoating within the endo/lysosome compartment and identifies few conserved key residues within the binding footprint that might facilitate the design of receptor mimic therapeutics.
Thaumarchaeota isolates are capable of utilizing urea and cyanate for nitrification in vitro. Here, the authors show that this occurs in situ and that Thaumarchaeota are able to use urea and cyanate as an energy and nitrogen source in the marine environment.
A bacterial strain that requires the neurotransmitter GABA for growth was identified and used to isolate GABA-producing bacteria, including Bacteroides spp., from human stool samples; the relative abundance of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with an altered GABA-mediated response in a depression patient cohort.
Comparison of Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum, two smut fungi that parasitize maize, reveals that their Tin2 effectors target different protein kinase paralogues and activity of an ancestral allele indicates Tin2 neofunctionalization in U. maydis.
The discovery of an alternative squalene epoxidase (AltSQE) belonging to the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and other eukaryotic lineages solves the mystery of the existence of a steroid biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotes that lack the canonical flavoprotein SQE.
The interferon-inducible short isoform of human nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) inhibits influenza virus entry into the cytoplasm by interacting with and stimulating the activity of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, which leads to inhibition of viral and endosomal membrane fusion.
One of the most potently neutralizing flavivirus-specific monoclonal antibodies ever isolated, WNV-86, targets an epitope in E domain II of the West Nile virus (WNV), preferentially recognizes mature virions lacking an uncleaved form of the prM chaperone protein and protects mice from lethal WNV challenge when administered two days after infection.
The ribonucleotide reductase large subunit of the Epstein–Barr virus, BORF2, inhibits the DNA cytosine deaminase activity of the host restriction factor APOBEC3B and sequesters it in perinuclear and cytoplasmic bodies, thus preserving viral genome integrity during lytic reactivation.
Following cleavage by ADAM10, the vaccinia virus epidermal growth factor homologue, VGF, promotes infected cell motility at the leading edge of infection and spread of the virus.
Chlamydia trachomatis DUB1 uses a single catalytic centre to carry out dual lysine deubiquitinase and acetyltransferase activity. Deubiquitination is required for Golgi fragmentation during bacterial infection.
Shotgun metagenomes recovered from a thermal gradient at a coal-seam fire site identified distinct microbial communities with smaller genomes and cell sizes and altered metabolic genes in higher-temperature soils.
Although essential to restrict systemic replication, the small interfering RNA pathway fails to efficiently silence dengue virus in the midgut of Aedes aegypti in the absence of ectopic expression of the double-stranded RNA-binding protein Loqs2.
In a rodent malaria model, antibodies against the CSP protein that coats sporozoites lead to Plasmodium yoelii killing in the skin in a process that involves stripping off the CSP coat, rendering parasites susceptible to pore-forming-like proteins.
The effects of multidrug antimicrobial combinations follow a null model in which inhibitory effects are additive and where drug dosage is orthogonal, leading to a square-root scaling of potency with the number of drugs.
The human silencing hub (HUSH) complex represses primate immunodeficiency virus transcription and can be counteracted through degradation mediated by viral Vpx or Vpr proteins.
The crystal structure of the PapC usher, together with the PapDG chaperone–subunit complex, helps to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which individual pilus subunits are assembled into larger P pili.
During hypoxic growth in the gut, the levels of nitrate and nitrite affect V. cholerae in a pH-dependent manner. At high pH, the bacteria can reduce nitrate for growth, whereas at low pH, nitrite accumulates, limits proliferation and promotes cell viability.
A prevalent rifampicin resistance mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis alters bacterial virulence lipid expression and enables bypasses of a host immune axis that is critical for the control of drug-susceptible infections.
Aberrant mini viral RNAs, which are produced by erroneous RNA polymerase activity during the replication of the viral RNA genome, act as the main agonists of RIG-I during influenza virus infection.