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Mature B cells remain in a quiescent state until activated. Rickert and colleagues identify a prominent role for the kinase Gsk3 in resting naive B cells and in activated germinal center B cells that restrains the production of Myc and reactive oxygen species and prevents metabolic collapse.
Akbar, Lanna and colleagues show that sestrin proteins bind to and coordinate the simultaneous activation of Erk, Jnk and p38 MAPKs in T lymphocytes and inhibit immunity during aging.
Transcription factors involved in consolidation of the induced regulatory T cell program are still being identified. Wu et al. demonstrate that the transcription factor musculin is critical for supporting the differentiation of these cells and prevents their acquisition of a T helper type 2 phenotype.
Macrophages are critical for granuloma formation, but the cell-intrinsic mechanisms remain unknown. Weichhart and colleagues demonstrate that chronic mTOR activity leads to macrophage-dependent granuloma formation, which may have relevance to sarcoidosis.
Skin is constantly exposed to environmental stressors. Georgopoulos and colleagues show that regulatory T cells respond to the cytokine TSLP produced by stressed keratinocytes and that a loss of skin Treg cell expression of TSLPR leads to lethal inflammation.
The cytokine IL-1β has well-established harmful effects on pancreatic islet function. Donath and colleagues identify an acute wave of postprandial IL-1β release and show that this unexpectedly has a positive effect on insulin secretion and the maintenance of normal metabolic function.
The signaling receptor Notch is required for the generation of marginal zone B cells. Hammad and colleagues show that Notch signaling activates the kinase Taok3 and surface expression of the metalloproteinase ADAM10, which commits transitional B cells to the marginal zone B cell fate.