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Zhang and colleagues use single-cell RNA sequencing on the nasal mucosa to identify cell subsets and molecules that specifically contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis subtypes.
Henao-Mejia and colleagues provide a detailed characterization of the 3D genome architecture of ILCs and demonstrate that ILC2 development and progression of allergic inflammation are controlled by a unique 3D DNA topology at the Id2 locus.
Roncagalli and colleagues use time-resolved high-throughput proteomic analyses to provide a comprehensive picture of the impact of ligand affinity on early T cell receptor signaling.
Maini and colleagues used bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from the lower respiratory tract of healthy donors obtained before the COVID-19 pandemic to show airway-resident cross-reactive T cells are present in pre-pandemic BAL, and correlated with the strength of human coronavirus immunity
Type I interferons have been described to have protumor or antitumor functions depending on context. Here the authors show a protumor function for type I interferons in that they promote cancer stem cells by upregulating the chromatin remodeling factor KDM1B.
Osteoclastic bone destruction is mediated by factors such as RANKL elaborated by tissue-destructive fibroblasts. Takayanagi and colleagues identify the transcription factor Ets1 as a major regulator of these pathogenic cells.
Serafini and colleagues show that intestinal villus ILC3s, which are largely immotile at steady state, develop a patrolling behavior in response to inflammation.
The inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 recognizes two ligands on opposing antigen-presenting cells, CD80 and CD86. Sansom and colleagues show CTLA-4 captures ligands by transendocytosis, whereupon low-affinity CD86 releases CTLA-4 at low pH to promote CTLA-4 recycling; however, high-affinity CD80 remains bound and targets CTLA-4 for ubiquitination and destruction.
The STAT3 pathway is activated in B cells by interleukin-6 and interleukin-21; however, methylation of Lys140 prevents its dephosphorylation and deactivation. Yin et al. report a noncanonical role for the histone demethylase Jmjd1c in demethylating phosphorylated STAT3, thereby terminating B cell activation and limiting plasma cell generation and potential B cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Patients with partial recombination-activating gene (RAG) deficiency (pRD) present variable late-onset autoimmune clinical phenotypes. Walter and colleagues identified a restricted primary B cell antigen receptor repertoire enriched for autoreactivity and clonal persistence in pRD. They described dysregulated B cell maturation with expansion of T-bet+ B cells revealing how RAG impacts stringency of tolerance and B cell fate in the periphery.
Patients with cancer undergoing anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade can experience immune-related adverse effects. Wherry and colleagues examined the immunity elicited upon immunization of patients with cancer and report that anti-PD-1 immunotherapy dynamically affects influenza vaccine-induced immune responses.
Mackay and colleagues show that distinct programs of tissue residency are induced in CD8+ and CD4+ TRM cell subsets, a difference attributable to the activity of the transcription factor Runx3.
Acton and colleagues examine the mechanics of lymph node swelling during the course of an immune response. They find tissue tension regulates fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) proliferation during lymph node expansion and that podoplanin (PDPN)–CLEC-2 signaling in FRCs regulates this process, which in turn regulates T cell activation.
Xue and colleagues show that Tcf1 and Lef1 recruit the genome organizer CTCF to promote chromatin interactions and form highly connected, dynamic interaction hubs in CD8+ T cells undergoing homeostatic proliferation.
The deacetylase SIRT1 regulates IRF3/IRF7-mediated antiviral interferon signaling. Here the authors show that SIRT1 deactylates the DNA-binding domain resulting in liquid–liquid phase separation of IRF3/IRF7 and that this signaling is inhibited in aging, an effect that can be reversed with a SIRT1 agonist to restore antiviral response.
Heissmeyer and colleagues show that TCR stimulation-induced cell death is controlled by N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of Orai1 and Ripk1 mRNAs. m6A is deposited by a ‘writer’ complex of Wtap and the N6-methyltransferase and bound by the ‘reader’ protein Ythdf2. T cells lacking Wtap exhibit enhanced Ca2+ entry in response to TCR ligation and decreased survival due to activation-induced cell death.
Predicting which patients will respond to checkpoint blocking therapies is a major challenge. Here the authors score the epigenetic imprinting of T cell responsiveness to type 1 interferons and use this information to predict response to anti-PD1 therapy and long-term survival of cancer patients.
Sun and colleagues describe that the secretion of interleukin-33 is dependent on a p40 N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D, whose generation is independent of inflammatory caspase-1 and caspase-11.
Abramson and colleagues show that Aire+MHCII+ ILC3s sense, internalize and present Candida albicans and modulate the induction of C. albicans-specific TH17 cells.