Abstract
Many DNA-binding factors, such as transcription factors, form oligomeric complexes with structural symmetry that bind to palindromic DNA sequences1. Palindromic consensus nucleotide sequences are also found at the genomic integration sites of retroviruses2–6 and other transposable elements7–9, and it has been suggested that this palindromic consensus arises as a consequence of the structural symmetry in the integrase complex2,3. However, we show here that the palindromic consensus sequence is not present in individual integration sites of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but arises in the population average as a consequence of the existence of a non-palindromic nucleotide motif that occurs in approximately equal proportions on the plus strand and the minus strand of the host genome. We develop a generally applicable algorithm to sort the individual integration site sequences into plus-strand and minus-strand subpopulations, and use this to identify the integration site nucleotide motifs of five retroviruses of different genera: HTLV-1, HIV-1, murine leukaemia virus (MLV), avian sarcoma leucosis virus (ASLV) and prototype foamy virus (PFV). The results reveal a non-palindromic motif that is shared between these retroviruses.
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Change history
14 July 2017
In the PDF version of this article previously published, the year of publication provided in the footer of each page and in the 'How to cite' section was erroneously given as 2017, it should have been 2016. This error has now been corrected. The HTML version of the article was not affected.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust UK (Senior Investigator Award 100291 to C.R.M.B.; Investigator Award 107005 to G.N.M.) and the MRC (project reference MC_UP_0801/1). The authors thank the following individuals for providing materials: A. Zhyvoloup and A. Fassati (Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London) and H. Niederer (Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London). The authors also thank L. Game and M. Dore at the Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre Genomics Laboratory at Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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P.K. and C.B. conceived the project. A.M. and G.M. performed the experiments. P.K. and M.H. performed the statistical analysis and modelling. P.K. and C.B. co-wrote the paper.
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Kirk, P., Huvet, M., Melamed, A. et al. Retroviruses integrate into a shared, non-palindromic DNA motif. Nat Microbiol 2, 16212 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.212
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.212
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