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| Open AccessObservation of nonlinear response and Onsager regression in a photon Bose-Einstein condensate
Perturbing a physical system, for example, picking a guitar string to make it vibrate, tells a lot about its intrinsic properties. Here the authors show that such concepts hold even for quantum gases of light, which respond to a perturbation with the same dynamics as they fluctuate on their own.
- Alexander Sazhin
- , Vladimir N. Gladilin
- & Julian Schmitt
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Article
| Open AccessEmergent disorder and mechanical memory in periodic metamaterials
Frustrated magnetic systems typically have multiple ground state configurations. While such multistability is common in amorphous materials, periodic mechanical systems have long range elastic interactions that tend to lead to a long-range ordered ground state. Herein, Sirote-Katz, Shohat et al. introduce periodic mechanical systems that have many disordered metastable states.
- Chaviva Sirote-Katz
- , Dor Shohat
- & Yair Shokef
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Article
| Open AccessUniversal scaling in real dimension
Universality of critical behaviour of O(N) field theories on regular homogeneous lattices is established, but open questions remain for more complex lattices. Bighin et al. study universality on a non-homogeneous graph showing that its scaling theory is controlled by a single parameter, the spectral dimension.
- Giacomo Bighin
- , Tilman Enss
- & Nicolò Defenu
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| Open AccessMotility-induced coexistence of a hot liquid and a cold gas
Inertial active matter can self-organize into coexisting phases that feature different temperatures, but experimental realizations are limited. Here, the authors report the coexistence of hot liquid and cold gas states in mixtures of overdamped active and inertial passive Brownian particles, giving a broader relevance.
- Lukas Hecht
- , Iris Dong
- & Benno Liebchen
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Article
| Open AccessThe nature of non-phononic excitations in disordered systems
The frequency scaling exponent of low-frequency vibrational excitations in glasses remains controversial in the literature. Here, Schirmacher et al. show that the exponent depends on the statistics of the small values of the local stresses, which is governed by the detail of interaction potential.
- Walter Schirmacher
- , Matteo Paoluzzi
- & Giancarlo Ruocco
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| Open AccessDynamical order and many-body correlations in zebrafish show that three is a crowd
Active matter systems, such as zebrafish groups, demonstrate similar collective dynamics to assemblies of particles, or interacting agents. The authors show that majority of dynamics patterns seen in large zebrafish groups are exhibited by a minimal group of three fish.
- Alexandra Zampetaki
- , Yushi Yang
- & C. Patrick Royall
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Article
| Open AccessEffective light cone and digital quantum simulation of interacting bosons
Studying bounds on the speed of information propagation across interacting boson systems is notoriously difficult. Here, the authors find tight bounds for both the transport of boson particles and information propagation, for arbitrary time-dependent Bose-Hubbard-type Hamiltonians in arbitrary dimensions.
- Tomotaka Kuwahara
- , Tan Van Vu
- & Keiji Saito
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Article
| Open AccessNon-Hermitian non-equipartition theory for trapped particles
The authors propose a generalization of the equipartition theorem of thermal physics to account for non-Hermitian trapping forces, relevant for the problems in non-equilibrium open systems and advanced nanotechnology.
- Xiao Li
- , Yongyin Cao
- & Jack Ng
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Article
| Open AccessLearning stochastic dynamics and predicting emergent behavior using transformers
Learning the dynamics governing a simulation or experiment usually requires coarse graining or projection, as the number of transition rates typically grows exponentially with system size. The authors show that transformers, neural networks introduced initially for natural language processing, can be used to parameterize the dynamics of large systems without coarse graining.
- Corneel Casert
- , Isaac Tamblyn
- & Stephen Whitelam
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Article
| Open AccessLearning nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and dynamical phase transitions
Variational autoregressive networks have been employed in the study of equilibrium statistical mechanics, chemical reaction networks and quantum many-body systems. Using these tools, Tang et al. develop a general approach to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics problems, such as dynamical phase transitions.
- Ying Tang
- , Jing Liu
- & Pan Zhang
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| Open AccessStalled response near thermal equilibrium in periodically driven systems
Periodically driven quantum systems have been extensively studied but with a predominant focus on long-time dynamics. Here, the authors study short-to-intermediate-time dynamics of an isolated many-body system, showing that its response to driving is supressed for the initial state close to thermal equilibrium.
- Lennart Dabelow
- & Peter Reimann
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Article
| Open AccessA computational toolbox for the assembly yield of complex and heterogeneous structures
Predicting the effective assembly of a set of proteins into a desired structure has traditionally been a challenging task. Here, authors demonstrate that advancements in automatic differentiation make it possible to address this problem using classical statistical mechanics.
- Agnese I. Curatolo
- , Ofer Kimchi
- & Michael P. Brenner
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Article
| Open AccessIncommensurate grain-boundary atomic structure
Grain boundary atomic structures of crystalline materials have long been believed to be commensurate with the crystal periodicity of the adjacent crystals. Here, the authors discover an incommensurate grain boundary structure based on direct observations and theoretical calculations.
- Takehito Seki
- , Toshihiro Futazuka
- & Naoya Shibata
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| Open AccessSpatiotemporal dynamics of traffic bottlenecks yields an early signal of heavy congestions
Heavy traffic jams are difficult to predict due to the complexity of traffic dynamics. The authors propose a framework to unveil identifiable early signals and predict the eventual outcome of traffic bottlenecks, which may be useful for designing effective methods preventing traffic jams.
- Jinxiao Duan
- , Guanwen Zeng
- & Shlomo Havlin
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Article
| Open AccessA colloidal viewpoint on the sausage catastrophe and the finite sphere packing problem
Packing a finite number of spheres in a compact cluster does not always result in the densest packing. Here, the authors provide a physical realization of the finite sphere packing problem by enclosing colloids in a flaccid lipid vesicle and mapping out a state diagram that displays linear, planar, and cluster conformations of spheres, as well as bistable states that alternate between cluster-plate and plate-linear conformations.
- Susana Marín-Aguilar
- , Fabrizio Camerin
- & Marjolein Dijkstra
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Article
| Open AccessDirect-acting antiviral resistance of Hepatitis C virus is promoted by epistasis
This study reveals that mutations of the hepatitis C virus act collectively to confer resistance against direct-acting antiviral drugs. This can aid the development of drugs that are less prone to resistance.
- Hang Zhang
- , Ahmed Abdul Quadeer
- & Matthew R. McKay
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Article
| Open AccessA generalized Knudsen theory for gas transport with specular and diffuse reflections
Knudsen theory and Smoluchowski model perform poorly for ballistic gas transport. Qian et al. propose a generalized Knudsen theory to describe gas nanoflow, reconciling both extreme specular reflection and complete diffuse reflection.
- JianHao Qian
- , HengAn Wu
- & FengChao Wang
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Article
| Open AccessNon-reciprocity across scales in active mixtures
Non-reciprocal interactions (NRI) are ubiquitous in active systems, but, in the presence of NRI, it is difficult to predict which microscopic systems correspond to a given macroscopic description. Dinelli et al. relate microscopic and macroscopic dynamics of active mixtures and show that non-reciprocity strongly depends on the scale of description.
- Alberto Dinelli
- , Jérémy O’Byrne
- & Julien Tailleur
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| Open AccessOvercoming power-efficiency tradeoff in a micro heat engine by engineered system-bath interactions
The trade-off between power and efficiency in designing heat engines has remained unsolved for the last two centuries. The authors overcome this trade-off in a colloidal Stirling engine by electrophoretically inducing system-reservoir interactions to enhance heat transfer during an isochoric process.
- Sudeesh Krishnamurthy
- , Rajesh Ganapathy
- & A. K. Sood
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| Open AccessRecord ages of non-Markovian scale-invariant random walks
Record ages characterise rare and extreme events in stochastic processes, however, their evaluation is challenging when interaction with environment and memory effects are present in the random walk. The authors determine the statistics of record ages for a broad class of non-Markovian random walks and reveal their general features.
- Léo Régnier
- , Maxim Dolgushev
- & Olivier Bénichou
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Article
| Open AccessStatistical laws of stick-slip friction at mesoscale
Whether stick-slip instabilities can give rise to avalanches of slip lengths is an outstanding issue in solid friction. Here, the authors demonstrated that there indeed exists a critical regime in which stick-slip friction can be described by a common set of statistical laws of avalanche dynamics.
- Caishan Yan
- , Hsuan-Yi Chen
- & Penger Tong
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Article
| Open AccessMinimum entropy production by microswimmers with internal dissipation
What is the physical limit on entropy production in a suspension of active microswimmers? In answer to this question, the authors derive a general theorem that provides an exact lower bound on the total, external and internal dissipation by a microswimmer and apply it to optimize swimmer shapes.
- Abdallah Daddi-Moussa-Ider
- , Ramin Golestanian
- & Andrej Vilfan
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| Open AccessDetermining subunit-subunit interaction from statistics of cryo-EM images: observation of nearest-neighbor coupling in a circadian clock protein complex
Deciphering interactions between subunits in protein complexes is an important problem. By combining cryo-EM imaging and statistical modeling, Han and colleagues reveal a significant cooperativity between subunits in the clock protein hexamer KaiC.
- Xu Han
- , Dongliang Zhang
- & Qi Ouyang
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Article
| Open AccessReviving product states in the disordered Heisenberg chain
Many-body localized systems are believed to reach a stationary state without thermalizing. By using analytical and numerical calculations, the authors construct simple initial states for a typical MBL model, which neither equilibrate nor thermalize, similar to non-ergodic behavior in many-body scarred systems.
- Henrik Wilming
- , Tobias J. Osborne
- & Christoph Karrasch
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Matters Arising
| Open AccessReply to: Deep reinforced learning heuristic tested on spin-glass ground states: The larger picture
- Changjun Fan
- , Mutian Shen
- & Yang-Yu Liu
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Article
| Open AccessSelf-organization of primitive metabolic cycles due to non-reciprocal interactions
It is generally accepted that non-equilibrium conditions would have been necessary for the formation of primitive metabolic structures, but the focus has mostly been on externally imposed non-equilibrium conditions. Here, the authors show that catalytically active particles like enzymes participating in a metabolic cycle can spontaneously self-organize into dynamically structured condensates composed of active mixtures, by employing non-reciprocal interactions.
- Vincent Ouazan-Reboul
- , Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- & Ramin Golestanian
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Article
| Open AccessColloidal transport by light induced gradients of active pressure
The mechanical forces exerted by active fluids may provide an effective way of transporting microscopic objects, but the details remain elusive. Using space modulated activity, Pellicciotta et al. generate active pressure gradients capable of transporting passive particles in controlled directions.
- Nicola Pellicciotta
- , Matteo Paoluzzi
- & Roberto Di Leonardo
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Article
| Open AccessNonequilibrium thermodynamics of the asymmetric Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model
The Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model is a paradigmatic model in the field of complex disordered systems such as spin glasses and neural networks. Here the authors study the stochastic thermodynamics of an asymmetric version of the model by using a path integral method and provide exact solutions for the entropy production.
- Miguel Aguilera
- , Masanao Igarashi
- & Hideaki Shimazaki
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| Open AccessOperator growth from global out-of-time-order correlators
Out-of-time-ordered correlators of local operators can quantify information scrambling in quantum many-body systems, but they are not easily accessible in experiments. Here the authors show that their global versions can be used for the same purpose and has been measured in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
- Tianci Zhou
- & Brian Swingle
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Article
| Open AccessProbing excitations and cooperatively rearranging regions in deeply supercooled liquids
Experimental data of the transition of a supercooled liquid into glass is compatible with both dynamic and thermodynamic theories. Here the authors use experiments and MD simulations at very low temperatures to show that both theories are connected.
- Levke Ortlieb
- , Trond S. Ingebrigtsen
- & C. Patrick Royall
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Article
| Open AccessMultistability, intermittency, and hybrid transitions in social contagion models on hypergraphs
Social interactions often occur in groups of individuals, which can be mathematically represented as hypergraphs. In this study, the authors analyze the appearance of multistability, intermittency, and hybrid phase transitions in social contagion models on hypergraphs.
- Guilherme Ferraz de Arruda
- , Giovanni Petri
- & Yamir Moreno
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Article
| Open AccessFrom a microscopic inertial active matter model to the Schrödinger equation
Active field theories are powerful tools to explain phenomena such as motility-induced phase separation. The authors report an active analogue to the quantum mechanics tunneling effect, showing similarity to the Schrödinger equation, by introducing an extended model applicable to active particles with inertia.
- Michael te Vrugt
- , Tobias Frohoff-Hülsmann
- & Raphael Wittkowski
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Article
| Open AccessSeparation of scales and a thermodynamic description of feature learning in some CNNs
In the quest to understand how deep neural networks work, identification of slow and fast variables is a desirable step. Inspired by tools from theoretical physics, the authors propose a simplified description of finite deep neural networks based on two matrix variables per layer and provide analytic predictions for feature learning effects.
- Inbar Seroussi
- , Gadi Naveh
- & Zohar Ringel
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Article
| Open AccessSearching for spin glass ground states through deep reinforcement learning
Finding the ground states of spin glasses relevant for disordered magnets and many other physical systems is computationally challenging. The authors propose here a deep reinforcement learning framework for calculating the ground states, which can be trained on small-scale spin glass instances and then applied to arbitrarily large ones.
- Changjun Fan
- , Mutian Shen
- & Yang-Yu Liu
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Article
| Open AccessUniversal exploration dynamics of random walks
Random walks are usually characterized by the spatial territory they cover, described by the number of sites visited at a given time. Here the authors propose an approach that accounts the time between visits to distinct sites, for improved analysis of the exploration process for general random walks, including the case of anomalous diffusion in disordered media.
- Léo Régnier
- , Maxim Dolgushev
- & Olivier Bénichou
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Article
| Open AccessUncovering the mechanism for aggregation in repeat expanded RNA reveals a reentrant transition
RNA molecules aggregate in certain conditions, but how and why remains unclear. Here the authors develop a model that quantitatively explains the conditions and mechanism of RNA aggregation, and predicts a surprising non-monotonicity in the transition.
- Ofer Kimchi
- , Ella M. King
- & Michael P. Brenner
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Article
| Open AccessCreating bulk ultrastable glasses by random particle bonding
Viable methods for the production of ultrastable glasses are much sought after. A potential approach for creating bulk ultrastable glasses, based on random particle bonding scenarios, is now numerically investigated. The method is expected to be applicable to molecular and colloidal glasses.
- Misaki Ozawa
- , Yasutaka Iwashita
- & Francesco Zamponi
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| Open AccessQuadrupolar 23Na+ NMR relaxation as a probe of subpicosecond collective dynamics in aqueous electrolyte solutions
Quadrupolar nuclear magnetic relaxometry senses electrical fluctuations around nuclei, but their microscopic interpretation remains elusive. Here, the authors combine experiments and multiscale simulations to interpret relaxation rates in electrolyte solutions and assess commonly used models.
- Iurii Chubak
- , Leeor Alon
- & Benjamin Rotenberg
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Article
| Open AccessSpontaneous vortex formation by microswimmers with retarded attractions
Time-delayed interactions involving perception, decision, and reaction, are omnipresent in the living world. Here, the delayed self-propulsion of a microswimmer toward a target gives rise to chiral orbital motion via a symmetry-breaking bifurcation. Additional swimmers synchronize and stabilize it.
- Xiangzun Wang
- , Pin-Chuan Chen
- & Frank Cichos
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Article
| Open AccessThermal fluctuations of the lipid membrane determine particle uptake into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles
Particulates, bacteria and viruses wrap into cell membranes. Here the authors use optical tweezers, particle tracking and mathematical modelling to show that the uptake process into giant vesicles is influenced by thermal membrane fluctuations.
- Yareni A. Ayala
- , Ramin Omidvar
- & Alexander Rohrbach
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Article
| Open AccessPrethermalization in one-dimensional quantum many-body systems with confinement
Some quantum spin models provide a condensed-matter realization of confinement, and previous work has shown that confinement affects the way they thermalize. Here the authors demonstrate for a many-body model with confinement that thermalization dynamics occurs in multiple stages, starting with a prethermal state.
- Stefan Birnkammer
- , Alvise Bastianello
- & Michael Knap
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Article
| Open AccessMany-body quantum chaos and space-time translational invariance
Getting a grip on the chaotic properties of quantum systems is difficult. Now, the effect of translational invariance in space in time in an ensemble of random quantum circuits is shown to lead to largely universal scaling laws describing the system without the need of knowing microscopic details.
- Amos Chan
- , Saumya Shivam
- & Andrea De Luca
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Article
| Open AccessInference of hyperedges and overlapping communities in hypergraphs
Networks with higher-order interactions are known to provide better representation of real networked systems. Here the authors introduce a framework based on statistical inference to detect overlapping communities and predict hyperedges of any size in hypergraphs.
- Martina Contisciani
- , Federico Battiston
- & Caterina De Bacco
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Article
| Open AccessBayesian deep learning for error estimation in the analysis of anomalous diffusion
Diffusive motions in complex environments such as living biological cells or soft matter systems can be analyzed with single-particle-tracking approaches, where accuracy of output may vary. The authors involve a machine-learning technique for decoding anomalous-diffusion data and provide an uncertainty estimate together with predicted output.
- Henrik Seckler
- & Ralf Metzler
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Article
| Open AccessRobust replication initiation from coupled homeostatic mechanisms
Homeostasis of DNA density is a hallmark of living cells. The authors show via mathematical modelling how two cycles, a titration-based concentration cycle and a nucleotide activation cycle, together drive replication in E. coli at all growth rates.
- Mareike Berger
- & Pieter Rein ten Wolde
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Article
| Open AccessSurface melting of a colloidal glass
The melting process in glasses is not fully understood. Experiments with colloidal glasses now show that during melting, a liquid film develops at the surface, below which a region forms with highly mobile particles. This surface glassy layer reflects the properties of the surface and the underlying bulk material.
- Li Tian
- & Clemens Bechinger
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Article
| Open AccessEpidemic spreading under mutually independent intra- and inter-host pathogen evolution
In modelling of epidemic spreading processes, a reproduction number is crucial to shape the model dynamics. The authors analyze how evolving pathogens may impact the reproduction number and macroscopic dynamics of spreading processes.
- Xiyun Zhang
- , Zhongyuan Ruan
- & Baruch Barzel
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Article
| Open AccessSpatial structure of city population growth
A new study finds that city growth in the U.S. is spatially heterogeneous. Inter-city flows concentrate in core areas. Intra-city flows are generally directed towards external and low density counties of cities, and is the main contributor to urban sprawl.
- Sandro M. Reia
- , P. Suresh C. Rao
- & Satish V. Ukkusuri
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Article
| Open AccessDispersive transport dynamics in porous media emerge from local correlations
Dispersive transport through complex media, relevant for semiconductors, liquid crystals, and biological soft matter, is influenced by their microscopic, porous structure. The authors consider the statistics of pore-junction units, in contrast to individual pores, to link morphology and macroscopic transport characteristics.
- Felix J. Meigel
- , Thomas Darwent
- & Karen Alim