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| Open AccessMagmatic plumbing and dynamic evolution of the 2021 La Palma eruption
In a new study, the authors use seismological methods to understand the eruption of La Palma 2021. Results suggest a preparatory phase of de-stabilisation of a mushy reservoir, and a co-eruptive phase with seismicity controlled by the drainage and interplay of two reservoirs.
- Carmen del Fresno
- , Simone Cesca
- & Carmen López
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Article
| Open AccessVelocity-dependent heat transfer controls temperature in fracture networks
Heat transfer in a fracture network is heterogeneous as it depends pre-dominantly on flow velocity and fracture aperture. This finding has direct implications for the heat distribution and exploitation in geothermal and associated natural systems.
- Thomas Heinze
- & Nicola Pastore
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Article
| Open AccessThe rocky road to organics needs drying
How complex organics form in a prebiotic world remains a missing key to establish where life emerged. The authors present a road to abiotic organic synthesis and diversification in hydrothermal contexts involving magmatism and rock hydration.
- Muriel Andreani
- , Gilles Montagnac
- & Bénédicte Ménez
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Article
| Open AccessReconciling discrepant minor sulfur isotope records of the Great Oxidation Event
Emerging sulfur isotope data divides opinion surrounding the Great Oxidation Event. Utilising computational approaches and additional data, Uveges et al. reconcile these disparities, offering a more refined framework of atmospheric oxygenation.
- Benjamin T. Uveges
- , Gareth Izon
- & Roger E. Summons
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| Open AccessMercury evidence from southern Pangea terrestrial sections for end-Permian global volcanic effects
Mercury (Hg) concentrations and isotopes from terrestrial sections of southern Pangea provide evidence of the global volcanic effects of the Siberian Traps during the Permian-Triassic transition
- Jun Shen
- , Jiubin Chen
- & Tamsin A. Mather
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Article
| Open AccessOrdovician–Silurian true polar wander as a mechanism for severe glaciation and mass extinction
Palaeomagnetic data from South China and compiled reliable palaeopoles from 4 other continents reveals a ~50˚ true polar wander (TPW) event occurring 450–440 million years ago. Sweeping Gondwana across the South Pole, this TPW event induced the Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction.
- Xianqing Jing
- , Zhenyu Yang
- & Bo Wan
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Article
| Open AccessPermafrost in the Cretaceous supergreenhouse
The archetypal supergreenhouse Cretaceous Earth had an active cryosphere with permafrost in plateau deserts. A modern analogue is the aeolian–permafrost system from the Qiongkuai Lebashi Lake area, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
- Juan Pedro Rodríguez-López
- , Chihua Wu
- & Chao Ma
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Article
| Open AccessGreenstone burial–exhumation cycles at the late Archean transition to plate tectonics
Supracrustal rocks of the Yilgarn orogen underwent deep burial, and later syn-shortening exhumation. Archean exhumation processes were likely less efficient that today, so that complete exhumation of high-pressure rocks was rare and accidental.
- Zibra Ivan
- , Kemp Anthony I S
- & Romano Sandra S
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Article
| Open AccessPassive margins in accreting Archaean archipelagos signal continental stability promoting early atmospheric oxygen rise
This research reports a 2.5-billion year-old passive margin formed in accreting archipelagos, highlighting the contribution of early continent formation and the relationship between continental stabilization and early atmospheric oxygen rise.
- Yaying Peng
- , Timothy Kusky
- & Noreen J. Evans
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Article
| Open AccessSeismic evidence for uniform crustal accretion along slow-spreading ridges in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Uniform magmatic crust formed at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean reveals a two-dimensional mantle upwelling facilitated by the large transform faults and the high concentration of volatiles in the primitive melt in the mantle.
- Zhikai Wang
- & Satish C. Singh
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Article
| Open AccessSteps dominate gas evasion from a mountain headwater stream
Emissions from local steps dominate the CO2 evasion of mountain river networks, owing to the pronounced turbulence in correspondence of each plunging jet and the low spacing between steps typical of high energy streams.
- Gianluca Botter
- , Anna Carozzani
- & Nicola Durighetto
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| Open AccessSeismic multi-hazard and impact estimation via causal inference from satellite imagery
This study presents the first rapid seismic multi-hazard and impact estimation system integrating advanced causal inference and remote sensing techniques, which jointly estimates regional-scale and high-resolution maps of seismic multi-hazards and building damage from InSAR imageries.
- Susu Xu
- , Joshua Dimasaka
- & Hae Young Noh
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Article
| Open AccessQuartz-bearing rhyolitic melts in the Earth’s mantle
The paper reports the occurrence of quartz-bearing rhyolitic melt inclusions and interstitial glasses within peridotite xenoliths. Their O-isotope composition proves crustal derivation and cycling into the mantle at convergent plate margins.
- Luigi Dallai
- , Gianluca Bianchini
- & Sandro Conticelli
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| Open AccessMagma recharge and mush rejuvenation drive paroxysmal activity at Stromboli volcano
Petrological studies along with volcano monitoring data relate the unusual 2019 explosive activity at Stromboli volcano (Italy) to deep magma recharges up to a few days prior the eruption and a direct link between deep and shallow magma reservoirs.
- Chiara Maria Petrone
- , Silvio Mollo
- & Mark Reagan
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Article
| Open AccessVenus’ light slab hinders its development of planetary-scale subduction
The simulation of slab buoyancy in 2-D models shows that Venus’ light slabs, due to a less eclogitized crust, experience more resistance to subduction. Thus, plate tectonics might have been more difficult to develop on Venus than on Earth.
- Junxing Chen
- , Hehe Jiang
- & Xu Chu
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Article
| Open AccessInsights into magma ocean dynamics from the transport properties of basaltic melt
The viscosity of magma plays a crucial role in the dynamics of planet Earth. In this study, the authors show how transport properties of basaltic melt can give us insights into magma ocean dynamics.
- Suraj K. Bajgain
- , Aaron Wolfgang Ashley
- & Bijaya B. Karki
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Article
| Open AccessA dimensionless framework for predicting submarine fan morphology
Submarine fans play an important role in routing sediment in continental and deep water settings. Here the authors develop a framework is to explain the shape of submarine fans using a numerical model framework which can either predict seafloor topography from turbidity current flow properties or infer these flow properties from seafloor topography.
- Abdul Wahab
- , David C. Hoyal
- & Kyle M. Straub
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Article
| Open AccessSubduction-related oxidation of the sublithospheric mantle evidenced by ferropericlase and magnesiowüstite diamond inclusions
This article reports finding of a highly oxidised mineral in diamond inclusion derived from mantle transition zone or lower mantle, very reduced areas on our planet. Such oxidised material is likely linked to subduction of carbonates into this region.
- Ekaterina S. Kiseeva
- , Nester Korolev
- & Leonid Dubrovinsky
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| Open AccessTriggering and recovery of earthquake accelerated landslides in Central Italy revealed by satellite radar observations
This study uses satellite radar observations to investigate the triggering and recovery mechanisms of landslides that are accelerated by earthquakes without immediate failures but showing a prolonged response.
- Chuang Song
- , Chen Yu
- & Jianbing Peng
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| Open AccessIntegrated rupture mechanics for slow slip events and earthquakes
A new model elucidates the connections between silent earthquakes ("slow slip events") and regular ones by accounting for their finite rupture depth. It reconciles debated features of slow slip events and explains how they might lead to earthquakes.
- Huihui Weng
- & Jean-Paul Ampuero
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| Open AccessSound velocity of hexagonal close-packed iron to the Earth’s inner core pressure
New constraints on the composition of Earth’s inner core are provided by experimental verification of Birch’s law for hexagonal close-packed iron to pressure above 300 gigapascals, about double the pressure achieved in previous investigations
- Daijo Ikuta
- , Eiji Ohtani
- & Alfred Q. R. Baron
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Article
| Open AccessA distinct ripple-formation regime on Mars revealed by the morphometrics of barchan dunes
Dust storms on Mars drive water escape to space. Here, the authors show the impact Martian dust storms have on the abundance of atmospheric hydrogen and oxygen, and how this helps to overall oxidize the Martian atmosphere.
- Lior Rubanenko
- , Mathieu G. A. Lapôtre
- & Andrew Gunn
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| Open AccessInterplay between oceanic subduction and continental collision in building continental crust
Gangdese arc magmatism, Tibet, was initially dominated by fractional crystallization of mantle derived magmas, followed by the remelting of these rocks during collision. These two stages lead to the stratification of the juvenile continental crust
- Di-Cheng Zhu
- , Qing Wang
- & Xuan-Xue Mo
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Article
| Open AccessSurface faulting earthquake clustering controlled by fault and shear-zone interactions
The mechanisms responsible for clustering of surface fault earthquakes are often unclear. Here the authors find that differential stress fluctuates during fault/shear-zone interactions which can produce changes in strain-rate and slip-rate changes leading to earthquake clustering.
- Zoë K. Mildon
- , Gerald P. Roberts
- & Eutizio Vittori
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Article
| Open AccessPhysics-informed deep learning approach for modeling crustal deformation
Modeling crustal deformation is critical for understanding of tectonic processes and earthquake potentials. Here, the authors propose a deep learning approach that can be extended in a straightforward manner to complex crustal structures and inverse problems.
- Tomohisa Okazaki
- , Takeo Ito
- & Naonori Ueda
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Article
| Open AccessSea-level rise will likely accelerate rock coast cliff retreat rates
Results forecast that cliff retreat rates will increase by up to an order of magnitude by 2100 according to current predictions of sea-level rise, and reveal that even historically stable rock coasts are highly sensitive to sea-level rise.
- Jennifer R. Shadrick
- , Dylan H. Rood
- & Klaus M. Wilcken
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Article
| Open AccessCrystal growth in confinement
How confinement affects the growth of crystals is poorly understood. Experiments in which NaClO3 and CaCO3 crystals are grown close to a glass substrate now show that new molecular layers can form via the transport of mass through the liquid film at the crystal-substrate interface.
- Felix Kohler
- , Olivier Pierre-Louis
- & Dag Kristian Dysthe
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Article
| Open AccessCycles of Andean mountain building archived in the Amazon Fan
South American cordilleran orogenic systems have repeated complex magmatic and deformation histories. Here the authors analyze detrital zircons found in the Amazon deep-sea fan that record mountain-building events and reveal cycles of orogenesis with periods of ~60–90 Myr since the Phanerozoic.
- Cody C. Mason
- , Brian W. Romans
- & Andrea Fildani
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Comment
| Open AccessThe harmful legacy of colonialism in natural hazard risk
The colonial practices of geoscience have created long term vulnerabilities to natural hazards. In this comment the ongoing consequence are explored of colonialism as well as the actions that are needed to be taken to reduce natural hazard risk.
- Jazmin P. Scarlett
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Article
| Open AccessVertical depletion of ophiolitic mantle reflects melt focusing and interaction in sub-spreading-center asthenosphere
Upward depletion of ophiolitic mantle is produced by melt-peridotite reaction with lateral melt/rock ratio variations in an asthenospheric upwelling column, which flows to become the horizontal oceanic lithospheric mantle under spreading centers.
- Qing Xiong
- , Hong-Kun Dai
- & Suzanne Y. O’ Reilly
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Article
| Open AccessHigh temperature methane emissions from Large Igneous Provinces as contributors to late Permian mass extinctions
Isotope signatures preserved within a natural gas reservoir reveal large quantities of methane were generated and released from oil by a Large Igneous Province, resulting in the initiation of global warming, which led to the End-Permian Extinction.
- Chengsheng Chen
- , Shengfei Qin
- & Zheng Zhou
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Article
| Open AccessCreep fronts and complexity in laboratory earthquake sequences illuminate delayed earthquake triggering
Laboratory earthquake experiments reproduce delayed earthquake triggering, similar to aftershocks, as a result of propagating slow slip fronts. The speed of the fronts can be highly sensitive to fault stress levels left behind by previous earthquakes.
- Sara Beth L. Cebry
- , Chun-Yu Ke
- & Gregory C. McLaskey
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Article
| Open AccessEvidence for late-glacial oceanic carbon redistribution and discharge from the Pacific Southern Ocean
Evaluation of foraminiferal test dissolution by Computed Tomography scanner provided deep seawater carbonate ion concentration at the Southern Ocean. Quantitative data highlighted the reconfiguration of glacial to deglacial carbon storage followed by oceanic-atmospheric CO2 transfer.
- Shinya Iwasaki
- , Lester Lembke-Jene
- & Frank Lamy
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Article
| Open AccessSouthern Ocean biogenic blooms freezing-in Oligocene colder climates
A phase of unique turbulent oceanographic and tectonic circumstances during the Early Oligocene caused high productivity in the Australian Antarctic Basin and enabled the stabilization of colder global climates.
- Katharina Hochmuth
- , Joanne M. Whittaker
- & Joseph H. LaCasce
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Article
| Open AccessBarium content of Archaean continental crust reveals the onset of subduction was not global
Only subduction zone can produce Ba-rich TTG, representing a proxy for the onset of subduction. Statistical increases in Ba contents of Archaean TTGs reveal the diachronous onset of subduction from regional at 4 Ga to globally complete after 2.7 Ga
- Guangyu Huang
- , Ross N. Mitchell
- & Jinghui Guo
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Article
| Open AccessVolcanically hosted venting with indications of ultramafic influence at Aurora hydrothermal field on Gakkel Ridge
The Aurora hydrothermal field (Arctic Ocean) is hosted in volcanic rocks but also shows evidence of mantle rock influence in the shallow sub-surface. Our discovery is pertinent to disciplines from marine mining to the search for life beyond Earth.
- Christopher R. German
- , Eoghan P. Reeves
- & Antje Boetius
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| Open AccessCoexisting divergent and convergent plate boundary assemblages indicate plate tectonics in the Neoarchean
This study reports coexisting Neoarchean divergent and convergent plate boundary rock assemblages, providing new evidence for the operation of plate tectonics 2.55–2.51 billion years ago; and also suggests the subduction zone was warm then.
- Bo Huang
- , Tim E. Johnson
- & Timothy Kusky
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Article
| Open AccessGlobal thermal spring distribution and relationship to endogenous and exogenous factors
Data from 6000 geothermal areas worldwide are analyzed with a machine learning approach. The analysis suggests and confirms a dominant role of the terrestrial heat flow, topography, volcanism and extensional tectonics.
- G. Tamburello
- , G. Chiodini
- & C. Masciantonio
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Matters Arising
| Open AccessReply to: Towards solving the missing ice problem and the importance of rigorous model data comparisons
- Evan J. Gowan
- , Xu Zhang
- & Gerrit Lohmann
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Article
| Open AccessResolving puzzles of the phase-transformation-based mechanism of the strong deep-focus earthquake
The developed theory for coupled deformation, plastic strain-induced phase transformation, transformation-induced plasticity, and self-blown-up deformation-transformation-heating in shear band explains the main puzzles of deep-focus earthquakes.
- Valery I. Levitas
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| Open AccessExhumation and tectonic history of inaccessible subglacial interior East Antarctica from thermochronology on glacial erratics
Glacially transported igneous rocks eroded from the deep interior of ice-covered East Antarctica constrain a remarkable episodic cooling and exhumation history that helps unravel its mysterious tectonic evolution over the last 500 million years.
- Paul G. Fitzgerald
- & John W. Goodge
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Article
| Open AccessSeismic events miss important kinematically governed grain scale mechanisms during shear failure of porous rock
Sound and Vision: In-situ synchrotron x-ray imaging with simultaneous acoustic monitoring captures grain scale damage mechanisms and unlocks the relationship between seismic and aseismic processes during catastrophic failure of porous rock.
- Alexis Cartwright-Taylor
- , Maria-Daphne Mangriotis
- & Oxana V. Magdysyuk
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Article
| Open AccessGenetic model of the El Laco magnetite-apatite deposits by extrusion of iron-rich melt
Can volcanoes erupt ore deposits? This study combines observations, experiments, and simulations to show that iron ore deposits on El Laco volcano formed by eruption of melt sourced from separation of Fe-rich melt from a silicate magma body beneath.
- Tobias Keller
- , Fernando Tornos
- & Jenny Suckale
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Article
| Open AccessHidden pressurized fluids prior to the 2014 phreatic eruption at Mt Ontake
Phreatic volcanic eruptions can be unexpected and devastating. Here the authors, using seismic-based methodologies, find that pressurized fluids accumulated 5 months before the deadly phreatic eruption at Mt Ontake; a period previously considered as completely quiescent.
- Corentin Caudron
- , Yosuke Aoki
- & Toshiko Terakawa
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Article
| Open AccessZinc isotopic evidence for recycled carbonate in the deep mantle
Zhang et al. perform high-precision zinc (Zn) isotopic analysis on lavas from St. Helena Island in the Atlantic, and Cook-Austral Islands in the Pacific, and confirm that ancient superficial carbonates were transported into the deep mantle billions of years ago.
- Xiao-Yu Zhang
- , Li-Hui Chen
- & Wei-Qiang Li
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Article
| Open AccessA globally relevant stock of soil nitrogen in the Yedoma permafrost domain
A climate sensitive permafrost region (Yedoma domain) was found to contain globally relevant N stock of >40 Gt nitrogen, of which 4 to 16 Gt of the N could become available by thaw until 2100. This study increases the current estimates by nearly 50%.
- Jens Strauss
- , Christina Biasi
- & Guido Grosse
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Article
| Open AccessInversions of landslide strength as a proxy for subsurface weathering
Bedrock weathering is associated with landslides, and also manifests as a change in the strength of subsurface materials. This study analyzes inventoried landslides to explore relationships between strength and landslide depth as a potential reflection of subsurface weathering at large scales.
- Stefano Alberti
- , Ben Leshchinsky
- & Michael J. Olsen
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Article
| Open AccessReconstructing Earth’s atmospheric oxygenation history using machine learning
Earth’s oxygenation history can be reconstructed using machine learning and mafic igneous geochemical data. Agreement with independent proxy predictions for surface conditions implies that interior processes are critical in atmospheric oxygenation.
- Guoxiong Chen
- , Qiuming Cheng
- & Molei Zhao
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Article
| Open AccessLinking the scaling of tremor and slow slip near Parkfield, CA
Huang and Hawthorne present new evidence supporting that tremor and slow slip are linked by the same moment-duration scaling. First-order implications would include that tremor and slow slip are likely generated by the same fault zone process.
- Hui Huang
- & Jessica C. Hawthorne