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Shaping colloids for self-assembly
Creating new materials requires novel approaches to design and synthesize small building particles. Sacanna et al. develop a versatile synthetic strategy to design and mass-produce colloidal building blocks starting from two different colloids that leads to selectively functionalized surface areas.
- Stefano Sacanna
- , Mark Korpics
- & Gi-Ra Yi
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Three-dimensional shape transformations of hydrogel sheets induced by small-scale modulation of internal stresses
The complex shapes of biological tissues are often formed as a result of stress modulations. Wu et al.exploit such behaviour experimentally and theoretically to demonstrate a new mechanism of the formation of three-dimensional structures that is driven by engineered small-scale stresses within patterned hydrogel sheets.
- Zi Liang Wu
- , Michael Moshe
- & Eugenia Kumacheva
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Controlling colloidal phase transitions with critical Casimir forces
Colloids consist of small particles distributed in another medium such as liquids or gases. Here, the demonstration that forces arising from the critical Casimir effect can control the interaction between particles offers new possibilities for the formation of colloidal nanostructures.
- Van Duc Nguyen
- , Suzanne Faber
- & Peter Schall
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| Open AccessTuneable enhancement of the salt and thermal stability of polymeric micelles by cyclized amphiphiles
The cyclic structure of cell membrane lipids is known to allow thermophilic archaea to survive in extreme environments. Here, Honda et al.report an improvement in thermal and salt stability of self-assembled micelles by cyclized polymeric amphiphiles.
- Satoshi Honda
- , Takuya Yamamoto
- & Yasuyuki Tezuka
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Moderate doping leads to high performance of semiconductor/insulator polymer blend transistors
Blends of different polymer compounds are widely used for organic field-effect transistors. Here, Neher and colleagues show that moderate carrier doping is important to achieve maximum performance in blends of insulating and semiconducting polymers.
- Guanghao Lu
- , James Blakesley
- & Dieter Neher
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Colloidal ribbons and rings from Janus magnetic rods
Materials with magnetic dipoles commonly form the building blocks of complex structures at many different length scales. Yan et al. show that by using cylindrical magnetic Janus colloids, greater control over the shape of the hierarchical structures formed by self-assembly can be achieved.
- Jing Yan
- , Kundan Chaudhary
- & Steve Granick
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Chemically programmed self-sorting of gelator networks
The fabrication self-sorting supramolecular gels, containing co-existing homomolecular assemblies with similar physical and chemical properties, is challenging. Here pH-controlled self-sorting gelators are reported, where the order of assembly of each component is predetermined by gelator pKa.
- Kyle L. Morris
- , Lin Chen
- & Dave J. Adams
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Assembly and control of 3D nematic dipolar colloidal crystals
Colloidal crystals are 3D periodic structures formed from small colloidal particles as basic building blocks and exhibit unique optical and electronic properties. Nych et al.report a laser controlled assembly of 3D colloidal crystals, which can be compressed and rotated in a collective manner.
- A. Nych
- , U. Ognysta
- & I. Muševič
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| Open AccessA polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency
Tandem solar cell structures combine high- and low-bandgap materials, allowing a broader spectral absorption of solar radiation. The authors report the synthesis of a high performance low-bandgap polymer which enables fabrication of a tandem solar cell with a certified power conversion efficiency of 10.6%.
- Jingbi You
- , Letian Dou
- & Yang Yang
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Unprecedented high-temperature CO2 selectivity in N2-phobic nanoporous covalent organic polymers
Porous materials are well studied for gas capture and separation technologies. Here, the authors report nitrogen-rich, nanoporous polymers, which display very high CO2/N2 selectivity with increasing temperature, which may be attributable to an entropically driven N2-phobicity effect.
- Hasmukh A. Patel
- , Sang Hyun Je
- & Ali Coskun
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Blood-clotting-inspired reversible polymer–colloid composite assembly in flow
Blood clotting is caused by biopolymer-mediated aggregation of platelets and is enhanced by fast shear flows. Chen et al. find a similar process that arises during the self-assembly of polymer–colloid composites—a process that can be controlled and even reversed by flow rate and interparticle interaction.
- Hsieh Chen
- , Mohammad A. Fallah
- & Alfredo Alexander-Katz
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| Open AccessBolaform surfactants with polyoxometalate head groups and their assembly into ultra-small monolayer membrane vesicles
Bolaform amphiphiles are surfactants with two hydrophilic end groups, known to form stable micelles. Polarz et al.have synthesized dipolar bolaform surfactants with polyoxometallate head groups, which have a very low self-organization concentration and form nanoscale monolayer vesicles.
- Steve Landsmann
- , Martin Luka
- & Sebastian Polarz
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| Open AccessExpansion–contraction of photoresponsive artificial muscle regulated by host–guest interactions
Polymer-based actuators, which deform in response to external stimuli, may advance the understanding of biological movement or realization of soft robotics. Here, Harada et al. report a photo-responsive supramolecular hydrogel that displays expansion–contraction abilities owing to host–guest interactions.
- Yoshinori Takashima
- , Shogo Hatanaka
- & Akira Harada
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Review Article |
Moving from static to dynamic complexity in hydrogel design
Hydrogels are water-containing polymer networks that have been applied in various biological settings. Burdick and Murphy review recent advances in the development of dynamic hydrogels whose properties and mechanics change in response to biological signals.
- Jason A. Burdick
- & William L. Murphy
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The surface plasmon modes of self-assembled gold nanocrystals
The 3D self-assembly of nanocrystals could generate materials with unique optical and electronic properties. Barrowet al. report the DNA-mediated assembly of symmetrical 3D gold tetrahedra, pentamers and hexamers, and elucidate their plasmon modes.
- Steven J. Barrow
- , Xingzhan Wei
- & Paul Mulvaney
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Stretchable heterogeneous composites with extreme mechanical gradients
Heterogeneous composite materials, which are potentially useful for flexible electronics, are widespread in nature but synthetic examples are rare. Here, a site-specific hierarchical approach is used to fabricate composites with extreme local variations in elastic modulus and which are reversibly stretchable.
- Rafael Libanori
- , Randall M. Erb
- & André R. Studart
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Driving diffusionless transformations in colloidal crystals using DNA handshaking
Crystalline material may be stabilized by complementary DNA interactions but its subsequent capacity for structural transformation is poorly understood. Here, by tuning the DNA handshaking between two sets of nanoparticles, a Martensitic transformation within the binary colloidal crystals is observed.
- Marie T. Casey
- , Raynaldo T. Scarlett
- & John C. Crocker
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Room temperature self-assembly of mixed nanoparticles into photonic structures
Integration of different compounds with silica is important for developing small-scale optical devices, yet the high temperatures needed to build silica waveguides impose limits. Here, a room-temperature, self-assembly approach is shown, which produces long microwires containing nanodiamonds or organic dyes.
- Masood Naqshbandi
- , John Canning
- & Maxwell J. Crossley
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One-piece micropumps from liquid crystalline core-shell particles
Liquid crystal elastomers can perform mechanical motion triggered by external stimuli, and are light weight, flexible materials that may be integrated into micromechanical systems. Here they are used to fabricate a one-piece temperature-responsive micropump viaa microfluidic double-emulsion process.
- Eva-Kristina Fleischmann
- , Hsin-Ling Liang
- & Rudolf Zentel
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| Open AccessSimple push coating of polymer thin-film transistors
Organic semiconductors may be processed in solution under ambient conditions; however, liquid manipulation on hydrophobic surfaces is difficult, which may hinder development of devices. Here, a push-coating technique is used to produce large-area semiconducting polymer films over hydrophobic surfaces.
- Mitsuhiro Ikawa
- , Toshikazu Yamada
- & Tatsuo Hasegawa
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Bursting drops in solid dielectrics caused by high voltages
Bursting of electrified drops is a fundamental physical process and important for diverse technical applications. Wanget al. find that bursting of electrified drops in polymers is sensitive to the shape of the drops, which in turn is determined by the polymer's elasticity
- Qiming Wang
- , Zhigang Suo
- & Xuanhe Zhao
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| Open AccessMolecular reorientation of a nematic liquid crystal by thermal expansion
The orientational order of nematic liquid crystals is a property that is controllable by external parameters such as electromagnetic fields and pressure gradients. Lavrentovich and co-workers demonstrate that thermal expansion can also induce orientational order that results in a flow of the liquid crystals.
- Young-Ki Kim
- , Bohdan Senyuk
- & Oleg D. Lavrentovich
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| Open AccessUltra-precise insertion of functional monomers in chain-growth polymerizations
Copolymers prepared by controlled radical chain-growth polymerizations usually contain ill-defined monomer sequences. Here, successive feeds of donor and acceptor comonomers are used to control the primary structure of the synthesized copolymers with very high accuracy.
- Mirela Zamfir
- & Jean-François Lutz
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Arrays of giant octagonal and square cylinders by liquid crystalline self-assembly of X-shaped polyphilic molecules
T- and X-shaped polyphilic liquid crystals can generate ordered structures with potential nanotechnology applications. Here, the inability of polyphiles to achieve optimal packing and complete nanophase separation is exploited to produce a flexible two-dimensional honeycomb with giant octagonal and square cylinders.
- Feng Liu
- , Robert Kieffer
- & Carsten Tschierske
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Monodisperse conjugated polymer particles by Suzuki–Miyaura dispersion polymerization
Well-defined, monodisperse colloids of semiconducting polymers are required as new photonic and optoelectronic materials. Here, a Suzuki–Miyaura dispersion polymerization is used to produce monodisperse sub-micrometer particles of a range of semiconducting polymers.
- Alexander J.C. Kuehne
- , Malte C. Gather
- & Joris Sprakel
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First-order coil-globule transition driven by vibrational entropy
The coil-globule transition undergone by polymers in solution delineates a transition from expanded coils to collapsed globules, depending on the polarity of the solvent. This study examines the influence of vibrational entropy on the transition, and finds it can induce a crossover from a second-order to a first-order transition.
- Carlo Maffi
- , Marco Baiesi
- & Paolo De Los Rios
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Stirring competes with chemical induction in chiral selection of soft matter aggregates
Chirality can be induced both by physical forces and by chemical induction processes. Here, a self-assembled system is reported in which chiral selection is controlled by the combined action of a chiral dopant and vortical stirring, which can act either constructively or destructively.
- Núria Petit-Garrido
- , Josep Claret
- & Francesc Sagués
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| Open AccessLight-induced spiral mass transport in azo-polymer films under vortex-beam illumination
Non-uniform light beams can create patterns in azo-polymer films by inducing mass transport, yet the process is not well understood. Using optical vortex beams, Ambrosioet al. observe the formation of spiral patterns that are surprisingly sensitive to the optical phase, which they explain with a new model.
- Antonio Ambrosio
- , Lorenzo Marrucci
- & Pasqualino Maddalena
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Solderable and electroplatable flexible electronic circuit on a porous stretchable elastomer
The integration of flexible electronics with conventional devices has been hampered by the lack of suitable soldering techniques able to withstand stretching. Jeonget al. use a porous substrate to fabricate biocompatible, stretchable electronics that can be interfaced with commercial components.
- Gi Seok Jeong
- , Dong-Hyun Baek
- & Sang-Hoon Lee
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| Open AccessPatterning symmetry in the rational design of colloidal crystals
Patchy colloids are colloidal particles with chemically or physically patterned surfaces that result in complex interactions arising between them. By means of numerical simulations, Romano and Sciortino show that suitably tailored patches can induce the crystallization of patchy colloids into specific crystal structures.
- Flavio Romano
- & Francesco Sciortino
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| Open AccessSwitching of macroscopic molecular recognition selectivity using a mixed solvent system
Self-assembly via molecular recognition events is used in the production of functionalized materials. This Article reports that the macroscopic assembly of polyacrylamide gels can be controlled by changing the composition of a mixed solvent system.
- Yongtai Zheng
- , Akihito Hashidzume
- & Akira Harada
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Non-polydimethylsiloxane devices for oxygen-free flow lithography
Flow lithography is used to synthesize microparticles but relies on polydimethylsiloxane microchannels for oxygen to permeate and inhibit polymerization near channel interfaces. Now, non-polydimethylsiloxane devices have been developed, which allow oxygen-free lithography, increasing the capabilities of flow lithography.
- Ki Wan Bong
- , Jingjing Xu
- & Patrick S. Doyle
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Stiffening hydrogels to probe short- and long-term cellular responses to dynamic mechanics
Studying the effects of extracellular matrix stiffening has been impeded because mostin vitromodels are static. Here, dynamic hydrogels are developed that stiffen in the presence of cells and are used to investigate the short-term (minutes-to-hours) and long-term (days-to-weeks) cellular responses to dynamic stiffening.
- Murat Guvendiren
- & Jason A. Burdick
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Binary colloidal structures assembled through Ising interactions
The assembly of microscopic particles into macroscopic structures may allow the fabrication of complex materials, but general strategies to provide a wide variety of structures are lacking. Khalilet al. develop a colloidal assembly system, which can be tuned to provide over 20 different pre-programmed structures.
- Karim S. Khalil
- , Amanda Sagastegui
- & Benjamin B. Yellen
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Room temperature ferromagnetism in Teflon due to carbon dangling bonds
Teflon is a carbon based polymer that cannot be intrinsically ferromagnetic. This study shows that room temperature ferromagnetism can be induced in Teflon tape by applying mechanical stress such as stretching or cutting, which gives rise to dangling carbon bonds.
- Y.W. Ma
- , Y.H. Lu
- & J. Ding
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| Open AccessSelf-assembly of amorphous calcium carbonate microlens arrays
Biological materials efficiently exploit self-assembly of simple constituents to produce complex functional structures such as optical devices. By controlling organic molecules, Leeet al. show fast two-step self-assembly of CaCO3microlens arrays, reminiscent of their biological counterparts.
- Kyubock Lee
- , Wolfgang Wagermaier
- & Peter Fratzl
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| Open AccessPrecise hierarchical self-assembly of multicompartment micelles
Multicompartment micelles can be assembled from block copolymers but it is difficult to manipulate their hierarchical superstructures using straightforward concepts. Here, methods are developed that involve the pre-assembly of subunits for the structurally controlled production of micelles.
- André H. Gröschel
- , Felix H. Schacher
- & Axel H.E. Müller
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| Open AccessZigzag line defects and manipulation of colloids in a nematic liquid crystal in microwrinkle grooves
Understanding defects in liquid crystals is important for controlling their structure and self-assembly properties. Here, nematic liquid crystals confined in microwrinkle grooves show new periodic arrangements and zigzag line defects that can trap particles, offering a method for colloid manipulation.
- Takuya Ohzono
- & Jun-ichi Fukuda
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| Open AccessPhotoswitchable gel assembly based on molecular recognition
Self-assembly through molecular recognition events is used in the production of functionalized materials. This study shows that macroscopic gel assembly can be regulated through photoisomerization of an azobenzene moiety that interacts differently with two host molecules.
- Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- , Yuichiro Kobayashi
- & Akira Harada
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| Open AccessStable prenucleation mineral clusters are liquid-like ionic polymers
Prenucleation clusters have been observed during the early stages of calcium carbonate formation, contrary to classical models. Here, computer simulations indicate that the clusters are composed of an ionic polymer with alternating calcium and carbonate ions, and a dynamic topology of chains, branches and rings.
- Raffaella Demichelis
- , Paolo Raiteri
- & Denis Gebauer
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| Open AccessTandem synthesis of alternating polyesters from renewable resources
Biomass-derived monomers are a renewable resource for the production of polymers. Robertet al. develop an auto-tandem catalytic transformation for the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters—'activated' monomers are prepared from dicarboxylic acids, which can be copolymerized with epoxides.
- Carine Robert
- , Frédéric de Montigny
- & Christophe M. Thomas
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| Open AccessGraphene chiral liquid crystals and macroscopic assembled fibres
Chiral liquid crystals of two-dimensional colloids have not been extensively investigated. Xu and Gao show that graphene oxide can form chiral liquid crystals, and demonstrate that they can be spun into macroscopic fibres, and that subsequent chemical reduction provides graphene fibres with high conductivity.
- Zhen Xu
- & Chao Gao
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Three-dimensional high-resolution quantitative microscopy of extended crystals
X-ray ptychography has been used to extend the field of view in high-resolution quantitative imaging. Godardet al. develop Bragg-mode ptychography to reconstruct, in three dimensions, a crystalline specimen that is too large to be studied as a single object with a coherence-limited X-ray beam.
- P. Godard
- , G. Carbone
- & V. Chamard
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Differentially photo-crosslinked polymers enable self-assembling microfluidics
Leaves and tissues contain three-dimensional networks of fluidic channels, but similar artificial self-assembling systems have not yet been produced. Jamalet al. develop methods to produce three-dimensional microfluidic networks with curved geometries from the self-assembly of photopatterned polymers.
- Mustapha Jamal
- , Aasiyeh M. Zarafshar
- & David H. Gracias
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| Open AccessRedox-responsive self-healing materials formed from host–guest polymers
Stimulus-responsive hydrogels have previously been developed that display heat-, light-, pH- or redox-induced sol–gel transitions. Nakahataet al. develop a self-healing supramolecular hydrogel based on host–guest polymers in which redox potential can induce a reversible sol–gel phase transition.
- Masaki Nakahata
- , Yoshinori Takashima
- & Akira Harada
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Room temperature magnetic materials from nanostructured diblock copolymers
Simple routes to self-assembling magnetic materials are elusive. Tew and colleagues produce copolymers containing cobalt complexes, which phase separate to give ferromagnetic properties at room temperature following heat treatment.
- Zoha M. AL-Badri
- , Raghavendra R. Maddikeri
- & Gregory N. Tew
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Responsive nematic gels from the self-assembly of aqueous nanofibres
Hydrogels have a variety of applications including tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Here, liquid-crystal hydrogels are developed which transform into a fluid solution upon cooling; cells can be encapsulated in the gel at room temperature, then released at physiological temperatures.
- Zhegang Huang
- , Hyojin Lee
- & Myongsoo Lee
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| Open AccessActive microrheology and simultaneous visualization of sheared phospholipid monolayers
Two-dimensional fluid interfaces are ubiquitous, but studying their surface dynamic properties is difficult because of coupling between the film and bulk fluid. Choiet al.combine active microrheology with fluorescence microscopy to image fluid interfaces under applied stress.
- S.Q. Choi
- , S. Steltenkamp
- & T.M. Squires
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The lifetime of the deviations from bulk behaviour in polymers confined at the nanoscale
Monitoring the impact of annealing on nanometre-thick polymer layers provides new insight into the changes in the performance of macromolecular materials. Here, the authors present results showing a correlation between the deviations from bulk behaviour and the growth of an irreversibly adsorbed layer.
- Simone Napolitano
- & Michael Wübbenhorst