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| Open AccessA framework for evaluating clinical artificial intelligence systems without ground-truth annotations
Estimating the performance of clinical AI systems on data in the wild is complicated by distribution shift and the absence of ground-truth annotations. Here, we introduce SUDO, a framework for more reliably evaluating AI systems on data in the wild.
- Dani Kiyasseh
- , Aaron Cohen
- & Nicholas Altieri
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Article
| Open AccessPeople quasi-randomly assigned to farm rice are more collectivistic than people assigned to farm wheat
According to the rice theory, the demands of rice farming might make cultures more collectivistic. Here the authors provide evidence in support of this theory by showing that Chinese farmers who were quasi-randomly assigned to farm rice score higher on measures related to collectivism than those assigned to farm wheat.
- Thomas Talhelm
- & Xiawei Dong
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Comment
| Open AccessThe bioethics of skeletal anatomy collections from India
Millions of skeletal remains from South Asia were exported in red markets (the underground economy of human tissues/organs) to educational institutions globally for over a century. It is time to recognize the personhood of the people who were systematically made into anatomical objects and acknowledge the scientific racism in creating and continuing to use them.
- Sabrina C. Agarwal
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| Open AccessConcordance of randomised controlled trials for artificial intelligence interventions with the CONSORT-AI reporting guidelines
The CONSORT-AI extension was developed to provide specific guidance for randomised controlled trials involving Artificial Intelligence (AI) interventions. Here, the authors show that since publication of CONSORT-AI, several AI-specific considerations remain systematically underreported.
- Alexander P. L. Martindale
- , Benjamin Ng
- & Xiaoxuan Liu
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Article
| Open AccessExtracting accurate materials data from research papers with conversational language models and prompt engineering
Efficient data extraction from research papers accelerates science and engineering. Here, the authors develop an automated approach which uses conversational large language models to achieve high precision and recall in extracting materials data.
- Maciej P. Polak
- & Dane Morgan
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Article
| Open AccessOpen-source microscope add-on for structured illumination microscopy
Researchers developed an open-hardware structured illumination microscopy add-on. This affordable upgrade provides super-resolution capabilities for normal optical microscopes. Detailed instructions enable easy reproduction to help democratize advanced microscopy.
- Mélanie T. M. Hannebelle
- , Esther Raeth
- & Georg E. Fantner
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| Open AccessAn agricultural digital twin for mandarins demonstrates the potential for individualized agriculture
A digital twin represents a real world object using available data. Here, the authors develop a digital twin for mandaring orchards in Jeju island showing the value of individualized agriculture to predict fruit quality at tree level.
- Steven Kim
- & Seong Heo
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Article
| Open AccessCases of trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 among historic and prehistoric individuals discovered from ancient DNA
Information on the occurrence of aneuploidies in prehistory human populations are rare. Here, from a large screen of ancient human genomes and osteological examination, the authors find genetic evidence for six cases of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and one case of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) in historic and prehistoric infants.
- Adam Benjamin Rohrlach
- , Maïté Rivollat
- & Kay Prüfer
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| Open AccessPsychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has affected the global economy, environment, and political order. Here, the authors show that it also coincided with a temporary decline in psychological well-being across Europe.
- Julian Scharbert
- , Sarah Humberg
- & Mitja D. Back
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Article
| Open AccessLeisure engagement in older age is related to objective and subjective experiences of aging
The benefits of different leisure activities for different aspects of aging remain unclear. Here, authors show that performing physical or creative activities is associated with important aging metrics and could help to prevent age-related decline.
- Jessica K. Bone
- , Feifei Bu
- & Daisy Fancourt
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Article
| Open AccessChanges in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries
Tightness-looseness theory predicts that social norms strengthen following threat. Here the authors test this and find that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased, but no evidence was observed for a robust change in most other norms.
- Giulia Andrighetto
- , Aron Szekely
- & Kimmo Eriksson
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Article
| Open AccessEffect of trade on global aquatic food consumption patterns
Xu and colleagues find that the average trophic level of aquatic food items in the human diet is declining (from 3.42 to 3.18) because of the considerable increase in low-trophic level aquaculture species output relative to that of capture fisheries since 1976. Additionally they find that trade has contributed to increasing the availability and trophic level of aquatic foods in >60% of the world’s countries.
- Kangshun Zhao
- , Steven D. Gaines
- & Jun Xu
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Article
| Open AccessStructured information extraction from scientific text with large language models
Extracting scientific data from published research is a complex task required specialised tools. Here the authors present a scheme based on large language models to automatise the retrieval of information from text in a flexible and accessible manner.
- John Dagdelen
- , Alexander Dunn
- & Anubhav Jain
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Article
| Open AccessGlobal and regional ocean mass budget closure since 2003
This study shows that ice loss and human water use models explain global and regional satellite-observed ocean mass changes since 2003 and thereby pinpoint the main cause of sea level rise, with a negligible role coming from natural variability.
- Carsten Bjerre Ludwigsen
- , Ole Baltazar Andersen
- & Matt A. King
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Article
| Open AccessSequential stacking link prediction algorithms for temporal networks
Link prediction in temporal networks is relevant for many real-world systems, however, current approaches are usually characterized by high computational costs. The authors propose a temporal link prediction framework based on the sequential stacking of static network features, for improved computational speed, appropriate for temporal networks with completely unobserved or partially observed target layers.
- Xie He
- , Amir Ghasemian
- & Peter J. Mucha
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Article
| Open AccessIncome determines the impact of cash transfers on HIV/AIDS: cohort study of 22.7 million Brazilians
Brazil has operated a conditional cash transfer program to support families living in precarious conditions since 2004. Here, the authors use linked administrative and health data to investigate the impacts of the program on HIV/AIDS-related outcomes, demonstrating strong positive associations.
- Andréa F. Silva
- , Inês Dourado
- & Davide Rasella
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Article
| Open AccessDelayed increase in stone tool cutting-edge productivity at the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in southern Jordan
Lithic cutting-edge productivity is a way of quantifying prehistoric human technological evolution. Here, the authors examine the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition across eight assemblages in the eastern Mediterranean, finding the transition to be later than expected and associated with bladelet technology development.
- Seiji Kadowaki
- , Joe Yuichiro Wakano
- & Sate Massadeh
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Article
| Open AccessOverlay databank unlocks data-driven analyses of biomolecules for all
In this work, the authors report NMR lipids Databank to promote decentralised sharing of biomolecular molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data with an overlay design. Programmatic access enables analyses of rare phenomena and advances the training of machine learning models.
- Anne M. Kiirikki
- , Hanne S. Antila
- & O. H. Samuli Ollila
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| Open AccessImplicit racial biases are lower in more populous more diverse and less segregated US cities
Implicit biases are influenced by social contexts which, in cities, are shaped by the constraints of urban infrastructure networks. Here the authors show that more populous, more diverse, and less segregated cities are less biased and that this is predicted by a complex systems model.
- Andrew J. Stier
- , Sina Sajjadi
- & Marc G. Berman
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Article
| Open AccessPredicting the risk and speed of drug resistance emerging in soil-transmitted helminths during preventive chemotherapy
Resistance to chemotherapy for soil-transmitted helminth infection has been detected in veterinary settings but not yet in human infections. Here, the authors investigate the risk of resistance in humans and how it may change as a result of scaling-up preventative deworming programs.
- Luc E. Coffeng
- , Wilma A. Stolk
- & Sake J. de Vlas
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| Open AccessA triple increase in global river basins with water scarcity due to future pollution
Here the authors find one third of global sub-basins will face severe clean water scarcity in 2050. Nitrogen pollution aggravates water scarcity in >2,000 sub-basins thus 3 billion more people will be posed with severe water scarcity in 2050.
- Mengru Wang
- , Benjamin Leon Bodirsky
- & Maryna Strokal
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| Open AccessStringent sustainability regulations for global supply chains are supported across middle-income democracies
Citizens in middle-income countries (Brazil, India, Indonesia) support aligning local sustainability rules with new laws originating in OECD nations. People favor stricter regulations, driven by optimistic expectations of the benefits outweighing potential costs.
- E. Keith Smith
- , Dennis Kolcava
- & Thomas Bernauer
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| Open AccessSustainability benefits of transitioning from current diets to plant-based alternatives or whole-food diets in Sweden
The authors found that replacing animal source foods with plant-based alternatives would lead to substantial reductions in environmental impacts, while meeting most nutrition recommendations and being cost-competitive with the current average Swedish diet.
- Anne Charlotte Bunge
- , Rachel Mazac
- & Line Gordon
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Comment
| Open AccessImplementing community-engaged pharmacogenomics in Indigenous communities
Innovative pharmacogenomic approaches (genetic variation related to medication response) are needed to reduce disease and disparities in Indigenous communities. We support community-based pharmacogenomics research, inclusive of Indigenous values and priorities, to improve the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples.
- Katrina G. Claw
- , Casey R. Dorr
- & Erica L. Woodahl
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Comment
| Open AccessAfrican leadership is critical in responding to public health threats
The African continent demonstrated decisive leadership throughout its response to the COVID-19 pandemic, leveraging lessons learned from previous outbreaks and acting quickly to limit the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We propose a framework to build on these successes that calls for greater collaboration between African leaders, and greater inclusion of African voices in the global health ecosystem.
- Nicaise Ndembi
- , Aggrey Aluso
- & Jean Kaseya
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| Open AccessIntensifying rice production to reduce imports and land conversion in Africa
Here the authors demonstrate that cropland expansion following the historical trend together with closing the current exploitable yield gap by half or more across Africa reduces the continent’s reliance on land conversions and imports by 2050.
- Shen Yuan
- , Kazuki Saito
- & Patricio Grassini
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| Open AccessGlobal surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in food animals using priority drugs maps
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in food animals is challenging due to limited surveillance systems. Here, the authors combine data from point prevalence surveys in lower- and middle-income settings to map resistance to seven antimicrobials and predict which are likely to exceed key resistance thresholds.
- Cheng Zhao
- , Yu Wang
- & Thomas P. Van Boeckel
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Article
| Open AccessGreenhouse gas emissions from US irrigation pumping and implications for climate-smart irrigation policy
This study demonstrates the energy use of US pump irrigation produced 12.6 million tonnes CO2e in 2018, with spatial variability modulated by water source and fuel choice. These county-level estimates can inform strategic irrigation expansion and emissions reduction efforts.
- Avery W. Driscoll
- , Richard T. Conant
- & Nathaniel D. Mueller
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Article
| Open AccessAcoustic and language-specific sources for phonemic abstraction from speech
How speech sounds come to be understood as language remains unclear. Here, the authors find that brain responses to speech in part reflect abstraction of phonological units specific to the language being spoken, mediated through relationships between acoustic features.
- Anna Mai
- , Stephanie Riès
- & Timothy Q. Gentner
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Comment
| Open AccessA bumpy road ahead for genetic biocontainment
While the research community continues to develop novel proposals for intrinsic biocontainment of genetically engineered organisms, translation to real-world deployment faces several challenges.
- Dalton R. George
- , Mark Danciu
- & Emma K. Frow
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Article
| Open AccessModelling six sustainable development transformations in Australia and their accelerators, impediments, enablers, and interlinkages
Global research has identified six critical transformations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Here, Allen et al model all six transformations in a national context and discuss implications for accelerating progress on the goals.
- Cameron Allen
- , Annabel Biddulph
- & Shirin Malekpour
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| Open AccessAn artificial intelligence-based model for optimal conjunctive operation of surface and groundwater resources
Towards optimizing the conjunctive operation of surface and groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions, here the authors propose a hybrid method involving moth-swarm and symbiotic organism search algorithms and artificial neural networks and demonstrate it for the HalīlRood basin.
- Saeid Akbarifard
- , Mohamad Reza Madadi
- & Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani
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Article
| Open AccessGlobal transboundary synergies and trade-offs among Sustainable Development Goals from an integrated sustainability perspective
Domestic attempts to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a country can have synergistic and/or trade-off effects on the advancement of SDGs in other countries. Here the authors demonstrate that while high-income countries make up only 14% of the global population, they drive over 60% of worldwide SDG interactions.
- Huijuan Xiao
- , Sheng Bao
- & Jianguo Liu
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Article
| Open AccessA randomized trial looking at planning prompts to reduce opioid prescribing
A personalized letter from the Medical Examiner-Coroner in Los Angeles County has proven effective at reducing opioid and benzodiazepine prescribing. Here the authors show that the introduction of if/when-then planning prompts in to the letter further reduced opioid prescribing by 12.85% and benzodiazepine prescribing by 8.32%; they were most effective for clinicians with multiple patient deaths due to accidental opioid-related overdose.
- Jason N. Doctor
- , Marcella A. Kelley
- & Emily P. Stewart
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| Open AccessA simulation-based analysis of the impact of rhetorical citations in science
Authors of scientific papers are generally discouraged from citing works that had no direct influence on their research. This paper uses simulations to show that such rhetorical citations may have underappreciated effects on the scientific community, such as deconcentrating attention away from already highly-cited papers.
- Honglin Bao
- & Misha Teplitskiy
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| Open AccessMapping the planet’s critical areas for biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people
This study shows that conserving approximately half of global land area through protection or sustainable management could provide 90% of ten of nature’s contributions to people and could meet representation targets for 26,709 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. This finding supports recent commitments to conserve at least 30% of global lands and waters by 2030.
- Rachel A. Neugarten
- , Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- & Amanda D. Rodewald
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| Open AccessOnline legal driving behavior monitoring for self-driving vehicles
Ambiguity in human-oriented traffic laws poses a significant challenge to the regulation of self-driving vehicles. Here, the authors present a trigger-based hierarchical online compliance monitor for self-assessment of self-driving vehicles using ambiguous compliance threshold selection principles.
- Wenhao Yu
- , Chengxiang Zhao
- & Ding Zhao
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| Open AccessManaging urban development could halve nitrogen pollution in China
Here the authors demonstrate how managed urbanization in China could halve reactive nitrogen pollution to both the atmosphere and water resources. Investing 61 billion USD could provide 245 billion USD in benefits, while contributing to multiple SDG goals.
- Ouping Deng
- , Sitong Wang
- & Baojing Gu
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Comment
| Open AccessIntegrative and inclusive genomics to promote the use of underutilised crops
Underutilised crops or orphan crops are important for diversifying our food systems towards food and nutrition security. Here, the authors discuss how the development of underutilised crop genomic resource should align with their breeding and capacity building strategies, and leverage advances made in major crops.
- Oluwaseyi Shorinola
- , Rose Marks
- & Mark A. Chapman
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| Open AccessSelective knowledge sharing for privacy-preserving federated distillation without a good teacher
While federated learning is promising for efficient collaborative learning without revealing local data, it remains vulnerable to white-box privacy attacks, suffers from high communication overhead, and struggles to adapt to heterogeneous models. Here, the authors show a federated distillation method to tackle these challenges, which leverages the strengths of knowledge distillation in a federated learning setting.
- Jiawei Shao
- , Fangzhao Wu
- & Jun Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessInforming disaster-risk management policies for education infrastructure using scenario-based recovery analyses
Post-disaster education continuity is a significant global challenge. The study demonstrates that scenario-based recovery analyses can help quantify the impact of disaster management policies on post-disaster education continuity in low-income countries.
- Eyitayo A. Opabola
- & Carmine Galasso
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Article
| Open AccessCompact and wideband nanoacoustic pass-band filters for future 5G and 6G cellular radios
This work addresses the fundamental challenge of the frequency up-scaling of microacoustic devices. The manuscript presents the first bank of on-chip multi-frequency, low-loss, wideband, and compact passband filters for mobile 5G and 6G applications.
- Gabriel Giribaldi
- , Luca Colombo
- & Matteo Rinaldi
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Article
| Open AccessA cross-scale framework for evaluating flexibility values of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles
Electrified transportation exhibits great potential to provide flexibility. This article analyzed and compared the flexibility values of battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles for planning and operating interdependent electricity and hydrogen supply chains.
- Ruixue Liu
- , Guannan He
- & Benben Jiang
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Article
| Open AccessDynamic predictors of COVID-19 vaccination uptake and their interconnections over two years in Hong Kong
Understanding factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in an evolving pandemic context is important for future vaccine campaigns. Here, the authors investigate the main drivers of vaccine hesitancy in Hong Kong at different stages of the pandemic, where uptake was initially low despite high availability.
- Jiehu Yuan
- , Yucan Xu
- & Qiuyan Liao
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Article
| Open AccessDiversifying crop rotation increases food production, reduces net greenhouse gas emissions and improves soil health
Food production systems need to balance yield and sustainability. Here, the authors conduct 6 years long crop diversification field experiments in the North China Plain, showing that diversifying cereal monocultures with cash crops and legumes cand improve yield and reduce GHG emissions.
- Xiaolin Yang
- , Jinran Xiong
- & Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
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Article
| Open AccessHigher emissions scenarios lead to more extreme flooding in the United States
This paper assesses future changes in flood magnitude across the conterminous United States based on multiple climate change scenarios. The results suggest that annual maximum peak discharge is projected to become more extreme under higher emission scenarios.
- Hanbeen Kim
- & Gabriele Villarini
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Comment
| Open AccessFrom lab to life: how wearable devices can improve health equity
Wearable devices can provide personalised medicine at the point of need, potentially increasing access to health services and therefore improving health equity. Here the authors discuss their experiences developing wearable devices for vulnerable patient populations, including neonates and pregnant individuals.
- Jessica R. Walter
- , Shuai Xu
- & John A. Rogers
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Article
| Open Accessrworkflows: automating reproducible practices for the R community
Reproducibility is essential for the progress of research, yet achieving it remains elusive even in computational fields. Here, authors develop the rworkflows suite, making robust CI/CD workflows easy and freely accessible to all R package developers.
- Brian M. Schilder
- , Alan E. Murphy
- & Nathan G. Skene
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Article
| Open AccessBehavioral consequences of second-person pronouns in written communications between authors and reviewers of scientific papers
Second-person pronouns, such as “you” and “yours”, are common in human communication. Here, the authors show that in peer review, authors who address reviewers with second person pronouns receive fewer questions, shorter responses, and more positive feedback.
- Zhuanlan Sun
- , C. Clark Cao
- & Chao Ma