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NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites
The metabolism of ketamine to (2S,6S;2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is essential for its antidepressant effects, and the (2R,6R)-HNK enantiomer lacks ketamine-related side effects but exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant actions in mice; these antidepressant effects are independent of NMDAR inhibition but require AMPAR activity.
- Panos Zanos
- , Ruin Moaddel
- & Todd D. Gould
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News |
Mice with human livers deal with drugs the human way
'Humanized' mice could provide better assessment of drugs' toxicity for humans.
- Marian Turner