Featured
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Letter |
Preferential electrical coupling regulates neocortical lineage-dependent microcircuit assembly
In the neocortex, microcircuits are assembled in a lineage-dependent manner through a distinct sequence of events that involves long-range electrical connections between sister neurons, leading to the formation of chemical synapses between these neurons.
- Yong-Chun Yu
- , Shuijin He
- & Song-Hai Shi
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Letter |
Selective cortical representation of attended speaker in multi-talker speech perception
The neural correlates of how attended speech is internally represented are described, shedding light on the ‘cocktail party problem’.
- Nima Mesgarani
- & Edward F. Chang
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Letter |
Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex
A major source of glia in the postnatal cortex in mice is the local proliferation of differentiated astrocytes.
- Woo-Ping Ge
- , Atsushi Miyawaki
- & Lily Yeh Jan
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News & Views |
The sensation of stretch
Piezo proteins have been shown to form large ion channels that serve a sensory function in fruitflies. The findings help to explain how Piezos convert mechanical force into biological signals. See Article p.176 & Letter p.209
- Philip A. Gottlieb
- & Frederick Sachs
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Letter |
The role of Drosophila Piezo in mechanical nociception
The Drosophila Piezo protein is shown to function in sensory neurons to transduce mechanical force in vivo.
- Sung Eun Kim
- , Bertrand Coste
- & Ardem Patapoutian
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News & Views Forum |
Spikes timed through inhibition
Purkinje cells in the brain region known as the cerebellum act by inhibiting their target neurons. A paper in this issue provides an explanation for how this inhibition might be used to control the timing of action potentials. But experts are not equally convinced about the functional relevance of this finding. See Letter p.502
- Javier F. Medina
- & Kamran Khodakhah
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Article |
Conditional modulation of spike-timing-dependent plasticity for olfactory learning
In the locust olfactory system, spike-timing-dependent plasticity acts as a synaptic ‘tag’ that labels only the synapses active in response to specific odorants, thus priming them for subsequent modulation of the plasticity rule.
- Stijn Cassenaer
- & Gilles Laurent
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Letter |
Neuron-type-specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area
Dopaminergic neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area signal the difference between received and expected reward, whereas GABAergic neurons signal expected reward.
- Jeremiah Y. Cohen
- , Sebastian Haesler
- & Naoshige Uchida
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Letter |
Structure of the carboxy-terminal region of a KCNH channel
The function of the KCNH family of potassium channels is critical for the repolarization of the cardiac action potential and the regulation of neuronal excitability; here, the X-ray crystal structure of the cyclic-nuclotide-binding homology domain of the zebrafish ELK channel is reported.
- Tinatin I. Brelidze
- , Anne E. Carlson
- & William N. Zagotta
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Letter |
Excitation-induced ataxin-3 aggregation in neurons from patients with Machado–Joseph disease
Human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells permit the study of aberrant protein processing and aggregation in Machado–Joseph disease.
- Philipp Koch
- , Peter Breuer
- & Oliver Brüstle
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Article |
Neuronal filtering of multiplexed odour representations
Optogenetic stimulation in the zebrafish olfactory bulb and downstream read out of activity in the homologue of olfactory cortex demonstrate how temporal filtering can extract specific components of neuronal codes.
- Francisca Blumhagen
- , Peixin Zhu
- & Rainer W. Friedrich
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Letter |
Grid cells without theta oscillations in the entorhinal cortex of bats
- Michael M. Yartsev
- , Menno P. Witter
- & Nachum Ulanovsky
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Letter |
Primary motor cortex underlies multi-joint integration for fast feedback control
- J. Andrew Pruszynski
- , Isaac Kurtzer
- & Stephen H. Scott
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Letter |
Structural basis of PIP2 activation of the classical inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2
- Scott B. Hansen
- , Xiao Tao
- & Roderick MacKinnon
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Article |
Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction
- Ofer Yizhar
- , Lief E. Fenno
- & Karl Deisseroth
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News & Views |
Peering into the spark of life
Sodium channels in cell membranes have a crucial role in triggering bioelectrical events that lead to processes such as muscle contraction or hormone release. A crystal structure reveals how one such channel might work. See Article p.353
- Richard Horn
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Letter |
Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs
- S.-K. Chen
- , T. C. Badea
- & S. Hattar
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Article |
Functional regeneration of respiratory pathways after spinal cord injury
- Warren J. Alilain
- , Kevin P. Horn
- & Jerry Silver
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Article |
The crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel
- Jian Payandeh
- , Todd Scheuer
- & William A. Catterall
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Letter |
Functional mapping of single spines in cortical neurons in vivo
- Xiaowei Chen
- , Ulrich Leischner
- & Arthur Konnerth
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Letter |
Glutamate induces de novo growth of functional spines in developing cortex
- Hyung-Bae Kwon
- & Bernardo L. Sabatini
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Letter |
Learning-related feedforward inhibitory connectivity growth required for memory precision
- Sarah Ruediger
- , Claudia Vittori
- & Pico Caroni
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Letter |
A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain
- Alexandre Bonnin
- , Nick Goeden
- & Pat Levitt
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Letter |
Neuronal activity is required for the development of specific cortical interneuron subtypes
- Natalia V. De Marco García
- , Theofanis Karayannis
- & Gord Fishell
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News Q&A |
Allen Institute aims to crack neural code
New science chief envisions a neural 'observatory' to determine the part brain cells play in behaviour.
- Ewen Callaway
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Article |
Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction
- João Peça
- , Cátia Feliciano
- & Guoping Feng
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News & Views |
Towards functional connectomics
To understand the brain, the thousands of synaptic connections made by each of billions of neurons should be mapped and related to neuronal function. First steps towards this formidable goal are now reported. See Articles p.177 & p.183
- H. Sebastian Seung
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Letter |
Synaptic potentiation onto habenula neurons in the learned helplessness model of depression
It has recently been shown that neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb), a nucleus that projects to midbrain reward areas, can signal aversive outcomes and may be disrupted in depressive disorders. This study now shows that in rats exhibiting learned helplessness (a model of major depression) excitatory synapses onto LHb neurons are potentiated, and that this correlates with helplessness behaviour. Furthermore, depleting transmitter release by repeated electrical stimulation of LHb using a protocol similar to deep brain stimulation rescues both synaptic changes and learned helplessness behaviour.
- Bo Li
- , Joaquin Piriz
- & Roberto Malinow
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Letter |
Spatially asymmetric reorganization of inhibition establishes a motion-sensitive circuit
In the retina, highly selective wiring from inhibitory cells contributes to determine the direction-selection characteristics of an individual ganglion cell, yet how the asymmetric wiring inherent to these connections is established was unknown. Here, two independent studies using complementary techniques, including pharmacology, electrophysiology and optogenetics, find that although inhibitory inputs to both sides of the direction-selective cell are uniform early in development, by the second postnatal week, inhibitory synapses on the null side strengthen whereas those on the preferred side remain constant. These plasticity changes occur independent of neural activity, indicating that a specific developmental program is executed to produce the direction-selective circuitry in the retina.
- Keisuke Yonehara
- , Kamill Balint
- & Botond Roska
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Letter |
Development of asymmetric inhibition underlying direction selectivity in the retina
In the retina, highly selective wiring from inhibitory cells contributes to determine the direction-selection characteristics of an individual ganglion cell, yet how the asymmetric wiring inherent to these connections is established was unknown. Here, two independent studies using complementary techniques, including pharmacology, electrophysiology and optogenetics, find that although inhibitory inputs to both sides of the direction-selective cell are uniform early in development, by the second postnatal week, inhibitory synapses on the null side strengthen whereas those on the preferred side remain constant. These plasticity changes occur independent of neural activity, indicating that a specific developmental program is executed to produce the direction-selective circuitry in the retina.
- Wei Wei
- , Aaron M. Hamby
- & Marla B. Feller
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Letter |
ON and OFF pathways in Drosophila motion vision
Ramón y Cajal, the founding father of neuroscience, observed similarities between the vertebrate retina and the insect eye, but that was based purely on anatomy. Using state-of-the-art genetics and electrophysiology in the fruitfly, these authors distinguish motion-sensitive neurons responding to abrupt increases in light from those specific to light decrements, thus bringing the similarity with vertebrate circuitry to the functional level.
- Maximilian Joesch
- , Bettina Schnell
- & Alexander Borst
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Research Highlights |
Neuroscience: Brain breathing
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News & Views |
Brain's traffic lights
The organization of behaviour as sequences of actions requires proper initiation and termination of each action sequence. The neural circuit that signals instructions to start and stop is now revealed.
- Paolo Calabresi
- & Massimiliano Di Filippo
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Letter |
LRRC26 auxiliary protein allows BK channel activation at resting voltage without calcium
Here the authors show that in non-excitable LNCaP prostate cancer cells, the large-conductance, voltage- and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel can be activated at negative voltages without rises in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, by interacting with an auxiliary protein, the leucine-rich repeat containing protein 26. This auxiliary protein modulates BK channel gating by enhancing the allosteric coupling between voltage-sensor activation and the channel's closed–open transition.
- Jiusheng Yan
- & Richard W. Aldrich
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News & Views |
A plastic axonal hotspot
Neurons generate their output signal — the action potential — in a distinct region of the axon called the initial segment. The location and extent of this trigger zone can be modified by neural activity to control excitability.
- Jan Gründemann
- & Michael Häusser
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Letter |
Structure of the gating ring from the human large-conductance Ca2+-gated K+ channel
Large-conductance Ca2+-gated K+ (BK) channels are essential for many biological processes, such as smooth muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. Here, the X-ray crystal structure is presented of the entire cytoplasmic region of the human BK channel in a Ca2+-free state. Moreover, a voltage-gated K+ channel pore of known structure is 'docked' onto the gating ring to generate a structural model for the full BK channel.
- Yunkun Wu
- , Yi Yang
- & Youxing Jiang
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Letter |
Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability
A nerve cell sends signals to others through action potentials, which begin at the 'initial segment' of the neuron's axon. It is now shown that changes in electrical activity can alter the position of this initial segment in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The resulting increase in intrinsic excitability — the tendency to fire action potentials — represents a new form of neuronal plasticity and could provide a new target in the control of epilepsy.
- Matthew S. Grubb
- & Juan Burrone
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Letter |
Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals are the basis for much of the work on which regions of the human brain are active during particular tasks or behaviours, but there is controversy over their source and interpretation. Here a combination of optogenetics and BOLD signal monitoring shows that specific excitatory neurons within a mixed population are sufficient to produce positive BOLD signals, and could be used to map connections.
- Jin Hyung Lee
- , Remy Durand
- & Karl Deisseroth
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Article |
Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits
A common anatomical feature of the sensory cortex in many species is that neurons with similar features cluster into vertically orientated domains spanning all layers of the cortex. Moreover, neurons in one domain modulate neurons in neighbouring domains through horizontal connections. A combination of techniques has now been used to show that such horizontal projections suppress layers of cortex devoted to processing inputs, but facilitate layers devoted to outputs.
- Hillel Adesnik
- & Massimo Scanziani
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Article |
Olfactory pattern classification by discrete neuronal network states
The brain is apt to sort sensory stimuli into discrete perceptual categories, but the neuronal activity behind this capability has been unclear. Here, the problem has been investigated by presenting zebrafish with different concentrations or types of odours. The results show that the activity of neuronal populations in the olfactory bulb is largely insensitive to changes in odour concentration, but that morphing one odour into another produces abrupt transitions between odour representations.
- Jörn Niessing
- & Rainer W. Friedrich