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| Open AccessThe impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state
Recent improvements in the indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments include the achievement of burning plasma state. Here the authors report the scaling of neutron yield in a burning plasma of Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction by including the mode-2 asymmetry.
- J. E. Ralph
- , J. S. Ross
- & G. B. Zimmerman
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| Open AccessExperimental confirmation of driving pressure boosting and smoothing for hybrid-drive inertial fusion at the 100-kJ laser facility
In laser-driven inertial fusion, finding optimal driving pressure is a major challenge. Here, the authors use a 100 kJ SG laser and a hybrid-drive scheme to demonstrate such driving pressure with the help of the direct-drive laser such that the indirect-drive radiation ablation pressure is turned into a well-smoothed hybrid-drive pressure much greater than the radiation ablation pressure.
- Ji Yan
- , Jiwei Li
- & Shaoping Zhu
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| Open AccessUltra-short pulse laser acceleration of protons to 80 MeV from cryogenic hydrogen jets tailored to near-critical density
Laser-produced plasma can be used for particle acceleration in different schemes. Here the authors demonstrate proton acceleration from the intense ultrashort laser pulse interaction with micron-sized cryogenic hydrogen jet.
- Martin Rehwald
- , Stefan Assenbaum
- & Karl Zeil
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Article
| Open AccessRefractive plasma optics for relativistic laser beams
Intense laser interaction with matter creates plasma which can act as a nonlinear optical medium. Here the authors demonstrate plasma as a refractive optics for relativistic intensity radiation, evident by the acceleration of multiple electron beams from a single laser pulse passing through the plasma.
- Omri Seemann
- , Yang Wan
- & Victor Malka
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| Open AccessAccurate temperature diagnostics for matter under extreme conditions
Existing methods for temperature estimation of warm dense matter rely on model calculations. Here the authors report a method to extract the temperature of complex materials that is previously only inferred by using model calculations.
- Tobias Dornheim
- , Maximilian Böhme
- & Jan Vorberger
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| Open AccessProbing atomic physics at ultrahigh pressure using laser-driven implosions
Atoms and molecules under extreme temperature and pressure can be investigated using dense plasmas achieved by laser-driven implosion. Here the authors report spectral change of copper in billions atmosphere pressure that can only be explained by a self-consistent approach.
- S. X. Hu
- , David T. Bishel
- & Timothy Walton
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Article
| Open AccessLaboratory evidence of magnetic reconnection hampered in obliquely interacting flux tubes
Magnetic reconnection acts as energy transfer process in plasma and induces processes like plasma heating, particle acceleration. Here the authors demonstrate the variation of magnetic reconnection between two flux tubes in the presence of external magnetic field.
- Simon Bolaños
- , Andrey Sladkov
- & Julien Fuchs
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| Open AccessProton stopping measurements at low velocity in warm dense carbon
Charged particle interaction and energy dissipation in plasma is fundamentally interesting. Here the authors study proton stopping in laser-produced plasma for the moderate to strong coupling with electrons.
- S. Malko
- , W. Cayzac
- & L. Volpe
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| Open AccessVacuum laser acceleration of super-ponderomotive electrons using relativistic transparency injection
Compact electron accelerators based on laser-plasma acceleration scheme may be useful for future light sources, radiation therapy etc. Here the authors demonstrate electron acceleration in laser plasma interaction via vacuum laser acceleration and relativistic transparency injection.
- P. K. Singh
- , F.-Y. Li
- & S. Palaniyappan
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Article
| Open AccessTemperature relaxation in strongly-coupled binary ionic mixtures
Most plasmas are created in a nonequilibrium state and understanding the non-trivial pathway to equilibrium is critical for predicting their time-evolving properties. Here the authors discuss the ion-ion temperature relaxation in a dual-species ultracold neutral plasma.
- R. Tucker Sprenkle
- , L. G. Silvestri
- & S. D. Bergeson
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| Open AccessForward-looking insights in laser-generated ultra-intense γ-ray and neutron sources for nuclear application and science
Laser-plasma interaction can provide alternative platform over conventional method for particle and photon beam generation. Here the authors demonstrate generation of gamma ray and neutron beams from intense laser interaction with near critical density plasma.
- M. M. Günther
- , O. N. Rosmej
- & N. E. Andreev
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Article
| Open AccessTime-resolved study of holeboring in realistic experimental conditions
Experimental measurements involving multiple laser and plasma parameters are useful in understanding the relativistic laser-plasma interactions. Here the authors extend the model of holeboring for arbitrary profiles of laser pulse and plasma scale lengths.
- J. Hornung
- , Y. Zobus
- & V. Bagnoud
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Article
| Open AccessMicron-scale phenomena observed in a turbulent laser-produced plasma
Turbulence effects explored use macroscale systems in general. Here the authors generate a turbulent plasma using laser irradiation of a solid target and study the dynamics of the plasma flow at the micron-scale by using scattering of an XFEL beam.
- G. Rigon
- , B. Albertazzi
- & M. Koenig
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| Open AccessUltrafast multi-cycle terahertz measurements of the electrical conductivity in strongly excited solids
The electrical conductivity is critical to understand warm dense matter, but the accurate measurement is extremely challenging. Here the authors use multi-cycle THz pulses to measure the conductivity of gold foils strongly heated by free-electron laser, determining the individual contributions of electron-electron and electron-ion scattering.
- Z. Chen
- , C. B. Curry
- & S. H. Glenzer
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| Open AccessElectrical conductivity of warm dense silica from double-shock experiments
Warm dense silica is a key component in rocky planets’ mantles, but reproducing the relevant conditions in experiments is challenging. Here the authors use a double-shock technique to achieve such conditions and measure the reflectivity in situ, providing insight into the conductivity and its possible impact on dynamo processes in super-Earths’ mantles.
- M. Guarguaglini
- , F. Soubiran
- & A. Ravasio
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| Open AccessLaboratory disruption of scaled astrophysical outflows by a misaligned magnetic field
Mass outflow is a common process in astrophysical objects. Here the authors investigate in which conditions an astrophysically-scaled laser-produced plasma flow can be collimated and evolves in the presence of a misaligned external magnetic field.
- G. Revet
- , B. Khiar
- & J. Fuchs
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| Open AccessUltrafast electron cooling in an expanding ultracold plasma
Here the authors report on the creation of ultracold plasma by photoionization of a Bose-Einstein condensate with a femtosecond laser pulse. The experimental setup grants direct access to the electron temperature and reveals ultrafast cooling of electrons in an initially strongly coupled plasma.
- Tobias Kroker
- , Mario Großmann
- & Juliette Simonet
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Article
| Open AccessObservations of pressure anisotropy effects within semi-collisional magnetized plasma bubbles
Magnetic fields can be reorganized by plasma flows and lead to effects such as magnetic reconnection. Here the authors explore the evolution of magnetized-plasma bubbles in a semi-collisional regime and the role of pressure anisotropy in influencing the flow of the laser-produced plasma.
- E. R. Tubman
- , A. S. Joglekar
- & N. C. Woolsey
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| Open AccessAutomation and control of laser wakefield accelerators using Bayesian optimization
Laser wakefield accelerators are compact sources of ultra-relativistic electrons which are highly sensitive to many control parameters. Here the authors present an automated machine learning based method for the efficient multi-dimensional optimization of these plasma-based particle accelerators.
- R. J. Shalloo
- , S. J. D. Dann
- & M. J. V. Streeter
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Article
| Open AccessLaser-driven x-ray and proton micro-source and application to simultaneous single-shot bi-modal radiographic imaging
Here the authors show a synchronized single-shot bi-modal x-ray and proton source based on laser-generated plasma. This source can be useful for radiographic and tomographic imaging.
- T. M. Ostermayr
- , C. Kreuzer
- & J. Schreiber
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| Open AccessObservation of a high degree of stopping for laser-accelerated intense proton beams in dense ionized matter
A detailed understanding of particle stopping in matter is essential for nuclear fusion and high energy density science. Here, the authors report one order of magnitude enhancement of intense laser-accelerated proton beam stopping in dense ionized matter in comparison with currently used models describing ion stopping in matter.
- Jieru Ren
- , Zhigang Deng
- & Yongtao Zhao
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| Open AccessDissipation of electron-beam-driven plasma wakes
Plasma wakefield accelerators promise compact, affordable future particle accelerators, but require deposition of enormous energy into a small volume. Here, the authors measure and simulate how this energy transfers from the wake into surrounding plasma, a process that ultimately governs the accelerator’s repetition rate.
- Rafal Zgadzaj
- , T. Silva
- & M. C. Downer
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| Open AccessTransient lensing from a photoemitted electron gas imaged by ultrafast electron microscopy
Excited charge carriers, such as photoelectrons, play an important role in fundamental and technological fields. Here the authors employ an ultrafast electron microscope to directly visualize the cyclotron oscillations and oblate-to-prolate shape change of a photoemitted electron gas from a laser-excited copper surface.
- Omid Zandi
- , Allan E. Sykes
- & Renske M. van der Veen
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| Open AccessPhoton deceleration in plasma wakes generates single-cycle relativistic tunable infrared pulses
Plasma can act as strong nonlinear refractive index medium that can be exploited to downshift the frequency of a laser pulse. Here, the authors show the generation of single-cycle tunable infrared pulses using strong density gradients associated with laser-produced wakes in plasmas.
- Zan Nie
- , Chih-Hao Pai
- & Chan Joshi
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Article
| Open AccessProminent radiative contributions from multiply-excited states in laser-produced tin plasma for nanolithography
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light is entering use in nanolithography. Here the authors discuss experimental and theoretical results about the prominent role of multiply-excited states in highly charged tin ions in the mechanism of EUV light emission from laser-produced plasma.
- F. Torretti
- , J. Sheil
- & J. Colgan
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Article
| Open AccessObservation of persistent species temperature separation in inertial confinement fusion mixtures
The influence of contaminants is one of the factors hindering self-sustained thermonuclear burn in inertial confinement fusion. Here, the authors present evidence, through simulations and experiments, that contaminants do not fully reach thermal equilibrium, and thus their amount is usually underestimated.
- Brian M. Haines
- , R. C. Shah
- & D. W. Schmidt
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| Open AccessDirect observation of imploded core heating via fast electrons with super-penetration scheme
Fast ignition is an interesting scheme for nuclear fusion reaction. Here the authors show electron generation using intense short laser pulses and energy transport by coupling the laser energy to the imploded plasma core as in the ICF conditions.
- T. Gong
- , H. Habara
- & K. A. Tanaka
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Article
| Open AccessIntense attosecond pulses carrying orbital angular momentum using laser plasma interactions
Vortices in light fields are of growing importance in the XUV and X-ray ranges. Here the authors show by simulations that high harmonics and attosecond pulses, generated while irradiating a deformed thin foil with circularly-polarized Gaussian laser pulses, carry a well-defined orbital angular momentum.
- J. W. Wang
- , M. Zepf
- & S. G. Rykovanov
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Article
| Open AccessCharacterization of suprathermal electrons inside a laser accelerated plasma via highly-resolved K⍺-emission
Suprathermal electrons in laser-generated plasmas are potentially useful in many plasma environments. Here the authors show the characterization of suprathermal electrons in laser-generated Cu plasma using a high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy combined with hydrodynamic and atomic modeling.
- M. Šmíd
- , O. Renner
- & F. B. Rosmej
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| Open AccessGenerating keV ion distributions for nuclear reactions at near solid-density using intense short-pulse lasers
Studying nuclear reactions in an astrophysical plasma environment is challenging but laboratory experiments can mimic such extreme conditions. Here the authors discuss the potential use of intense laser-produced dense plasma to find the rates of nuclear reactions in plasma-screened conditions.
- A. J. Kemp
- , S. C. Wilks
- & G. Grim
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| Open AccessSupersonic plasma turbulence in the laboratory
Supersonic turbulence is relevant to astrophysical plasmas with their study mostly limited to numerical simulations. Here the authors demonstrate supersonic turbulence in collisional high Mach number plasma jets generated in laboratory by using high power lasers.
- T. G. White
- , M. T. Oliver
- & G. Gregori
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Article
| Open AccessAll-optical structuring of laser-driven proton beam profiles
Shaping particle beams generated from laser-plasma accelerators is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate an all-optical method to structure the accelerated proton beam by modulating and imprinting the spatial laser profile onto the proton beam.
- Lieselotte Obst-Huebl
- , Tim Ziegler
- & Karl Zeil
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Article
| Open AccessMagnetic reconnection driven by electron dynamics
Magnetic reconnection is the process of releasing energy by magnetized and space plasma. Here the authors report experimental observation of magnetic reconnection in laser-produced plasma and the role of electron scaling on reconnection.
- Y. Kuramitsu
- , T. Moritaka
- & M. Hoshino
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Article
| Open AccessSpectral interferometry with waveform-dependent relativistic high-order harmonics from plasma surfaces
High-order harmonic generation is explored in gases, solids and plasmas with moderate to high intensity lasers. Here the authors show spectral interferometry of HHG from relativistic plasma and its potential as a source of intense isolated attosecond pulses.
- Dmitrii Kormin
- , Antonin Borot
- & Laszlo Veisz
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| Open AccessMagnetized fast isochoric laser heating for efficient creation of ultra-high-energy-density states
It is desirable to deposit more energy in the dense plasma core to trigger the fusion ignition. Here the authors demonstrate enhanced energy coupling from laser to plasma core by using solid targets and guiding the transport of relativistic electron beam with external magnetic field.
- Shohei Sakata
- , Seungho Lee
- & Shinsuke Fujioka
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| Open AccessProbing warm dense matter using femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy with a laser-produced betatron source
Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of materials under extreme conditions is challenging. Here the authors use a femtosecond betatron X-ray source to investigate the solid to dense plasma phase transition in copper using XAS with unprecedented time resolution.
- B. Mahieu
- , N. Jourdain
- & L. Lecherbourg
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| Open AccessRelativistic magnetic reconnection driven by a laser interacting with a micro-scale plasma slab
Plasma releases magnetic energy by magnetic reconnection but the clear evidence of this phenomenon in relativistic regime is still lacking. Here the authors present a scheme for laboratory observation of the relativistic magnetic reconnection driven by laser-produced energetic electrons in the plasma.
- Longqing Yi
- , Baifei Shen
- & Tünde Fülöp
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Article
| Open AccessHow high energy fluxes may affect Rayleigh–Taylor instability growth in young supernova remnants
Radiation and conduction are generally considered as the main energy transport mechanisms for the evolution of early supernova remnants. Here the authors experimentally show the role of electron heat transfer on the growth of Rayleigh–Taylor instability in young supernova remnants.
- C. C. Kuranz
- , H.-S. Park
- & R. P. Drake
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| Open AccessMicro-scale fusion in dense relativistic nanowire array plasmas
Neutron beams are useful studying fundamental physics problems, fusion process and material properties. Here the authors use intense laser irradiation of deuterated nanowire array targets to create high energy density plasmas capable of efficient generation of ultrafast neutron pulses.
- Alden Curtis
- , Chase Calvi
- & Jorge J. Rocca
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Article
| Open AccessNear-100 MeV protons via a laser-driven transparency-enhanced hybrid acceleration scheme
It is a challenge to scale up laser-ion acceleration to higher ion energies. Here the authors demonstrate a hybrid acceleration scheme based on the relativistic induced transparency mechanism using linearly polarised laser interaction with foil targets and its future implication in using high power lasers.
- A. Higginson
- , R. J. Gray
- & P. McKenna
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| Open AccessPlasma density limits for hole boring by intense laser pulses
Different energy transport mechanisms come into play when intense laser pulses interact with dense plasma. Here the authors provide a limit on the plasma density reachable with an intense laser and an insight into the hole boring process.
- Natsumi Iwata
- , Sadaoki Kojima
- & Kunioki Mima
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Article
| Open AccessLaboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma
Exploring astrophysical turbulent effects in laboratory plasma is challenging due to high threshold values of relevant parameters, such as the magnetic Reynolds number. Here the authors demonstrate the turbulent dynamo effect at large magnetic Reynolds numbers in laser-generated magnetized plasma.
- P. Tzeferacos
- , A. Rigby
- & G. Gregori
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Article
| Open AccessIsolated proton bunch acceleration by a petawatt laser pulse
Monoenergetic proton beams can be useful in many applications but their generation from laser irradiation of targets is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate a laser-accelerated proton bunch with improved density and energy resolution by using a refined target.
- P. Hilz
- , T. M. Ostermayr
- & J. Schreiber
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Article
| Open AccessSelf-generated surface magnetic fields inhibit laser-driven sheath acceleration of high-energy protons
Laser-generated ion acceleration has received increasing attention due to recent progress in super-intense lasers. Here the authors demonstrate the role of the self-generated magnetic field on the ion acceleration and limitations on the energy scaling with laser intensity.
- M. Nakatsutsumi
- , Y. Sentoku
- & J. Fuchs
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Article
| Open AccessGuiding of relativistic electron beams in dense matter by laser-driven magnetostatic fields
Efficient energy transport by laser-driven relativistic electron beams is crucial in many applications including inertial confinement fusion, and particle acceleration. Here the authors demonstrate relativistic electron beam guiding in dense plasma with an externally imposed high magnetic field.
- M. Bailly-Grandvaux
- , J. J. Santos
- & Z. Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessMid-infrared dispersive wave generation in gas-filled photonic crystal fibre by transient ionization-driven changes in dispersion
Dispersive wave emission in gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibres has been possible in the visible and ultraviolet via the optical Kerr effect. Here, Köttig et al. demonstrate dispersive waves generated by an additional transient anomalous dispersion from gas ionization in the mid-infrared.
- F. Köttig
- , D. Novoa
- & P. St.J. Russell
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Article
| Open AccessMagnetic turbulence in a table-top laser-plasma relevant to astrophysical scenarios
Understanding the role of magnetic turbulence in the atmosphere is difficult as direct access is limited, but latest laser technology can enable such studies in the lab. Here the authors probe the evolution of such turbulence in laser-generated plasma with its implications to astrophysical environments.
- Gourab Chatterjee
- , Kevin M. Schoeffler
- & G. Ravindra Kumar
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Article
| Open AccessExperimental discrimination of ion stopping models near the Bragg peak in highly ionized matter
The energy loss of ions in plasma is a challenging issue in inertial confinement fusion and many theoretical models exist on ion-stopping power. Here, the authors use laser-generated plasma probed by accelerator-produced ions in experiments to discriminate various ion stopping models near the Bragg peak.
- W. Cayzac
- , A. Frank
- & M. Roth
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Article
| Open AccessA strong diffusive ion mode in dense ionized matter predicted by Langevin dynamics
Studying the properties of dense plasmas is challenging due to strong interactions between electrons and ions, and numerical methods overcome this difficulty using a static thermostat. Here the authors predict a strong diffusive ion mode at low energy by including dissipative processes in the model.
- P. Mabey
- , S. Richardson
- & G. Gregori