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Article
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Phytoalexin sakuranetin attenuates endocytosis and enhances resistance to rice blast
Sakuranetin is an important phytoalexin. The authors find that sakuranetin in rice attenuates endocytosis of effectors from the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and enhances resistance against rice blast.
- Lihui Jiang
- , Xiaoyan Zhang
- & Yunlong Du
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Article
| Open Access
A fungal core effector exploits the OsPUX8B.2–OsCDC48-6 module to suppress plant immunity
Plant ubiquitin regulatory domain-containing proteins (PUX) play vital roles in CDC48-mediated protein quality control processes. Here Shi et al. show that a conserved core Magnaporthe oryzae effector (MoNLE1) can specially target the rice PUX protein OsPUX8B.2 and interfere with host immune responses.
- Xuetao Shi
- , Xin Xie
- & Wende Liu
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| Open Access
Quantitative pathogenicity and host adaptation in a fungal plant pathogen revealed by whole-genome sequencing
The understanding of pathogenicity in quantitative plant pathosystems remains limited. This study reveals the genetic architecture of quantitative pathogenicity traits in a significant fungal plant pathogen, shedding light on potential evolutionary mechanisms involved in host adaptation.
- Reda Amezrou
- , Aurélie Ducasse
- & Thierry C. Marcel
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| Open Access
Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoSPAB1 directly activates rice Bsr-d1 expression to facilitate pathogenesis
Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoSPAB1 enters rice nuclei to bind to the promoter of the immunity-brake gene Bsr-d1 and activates its expression by competing with rice MYBS1, which constitute a conserved module that facilitates fungal pathogenesis.
- Ziwei Zhu
- , Jun Xiong
- & Weitao Li
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| Open Access
A transcriptional activator effector of Ustilago maydis regulates hyperplasia in maize during pathogen-induced tumor formation
Ustilago maydis causes tumor on maize seedlings. Here we show that U. maydis secrets the transcriptional activator effector Sts2 to induce leaf developmental regulators which activate the bundle sheath cell division for tumor formation.
- Weiliang Zuo
- , Jasper R. L. Depotter
- & Gunther Doehlemann
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| Open Access
AlphaFold-Multimer predicts cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface
AlphaFold-Multimer was used to screen of 1,879 small secreted proteins from plant pathogens to be inhibitors of six tomato defense enzymes. Four of these inhibit subtilase P69B, showing the use of AI to predict cross-kingdom protein interactions.
- Felix Homma
- , Jie Huang
- & Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
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| Open Access
Ustilago maydis PR-1-like protein has evolved two distinct domains for dual virulence activities
Plant PR-1 proteins participate in defense responses against pathogens. Here, the authors show that PR-1-like proteins from the plant pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis are important for virulence by detecting plant-derived phenolics and modulating plant PR-1-mediated defenses.
- Yu-Han Lin
- , Meng-Yun Xu
- & Lay-Sun Ma
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| Open Access
Divergent sequences of tetraspanins enable plants to specifically recognize microbe-derived extracellular vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important in plant-microbe interactions. Here we show that the divergent sequences within tetraspanins localized at EV membranes enable plant innate immune system to distinguish between self and non-self EVs.
- Jinyi Zhu
- , Qian Qiao
- & Yuanchao Wang
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| Open Access
Symbiont-host interactome mapping reveals effector-targeted modulation of hormone networks and activation of growth promotion
Pathogens secrete effectors to promote disease, symbionts might use them to confer benefits. Here, the authors identify 106 candidate effectors from the symbiont Serendipita indica, characterise their interactions, and reveal their roles in regulating phytohormone signalling and promoting growth.
- Rory Osborne
- , Laura Rehneke
- & Patrick Schäfer
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| Open Access
Inhibition of chitin deacetylases to attenuate plant fungal diseases
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete chitin deacetylase (CDA) to escape the host’s immunological defense during infection. Here, the authors reveal the common structural features of phytopathogenic fungal CDAs, and identify CDA inhibitors that are promising to control plant diseases.
- Lin Liu
- , Yeqiang Xia
- & Qing Yang
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Article
| Open Access
Dynamic changes of the Prf/Pto tomato resistance complex following effector recognition
Both plant and animals utilize resistant proteins to recognise pathogens. In this work the authors illustrate how bacterial perception by a tomato resistant protein is communicated in order to protect plants against pathogens.
- Arsheed H. Sheikh
- , Iosif Zacharia
- & Vardis Ntoukakis
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Article
| Open Access
Planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 contributes to manipulation of rice plant defenses
Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger plant immunity. Here, the authors show that the small brown planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 binds to salivary sheath proteins and contributes to insect feeding by manipulating rice plant defenses.
- Hai-Jian Huang
- , Yi-Zhe Wang
- & Chuan-Xi Zhang
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| Open Access
Light prevents pathogen-induced aqueous microenvironments via potentiation of salicylic acid signaling
Pseudomonas syringae alters plant abscisic acid signaling to close stomata and induce water accumulation in infected tissues. Light and salicylic acid counteract infection by promoting stomatal opening, depriving bacteria of an aqueous environment.
- Gaële Lajeunesse
- , Charles Roussin-Léveillée
- & Peter Moffett
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| Open Access
A conserved enzyme of smut fungi facilitates cell-to-cell extension in the plant bundle sheath
Smut fungi secrete effector proteins that suppress host plant immunity. Here the authors show that the corn smut effector Erc1 has 1,3-β-glucanase activity and promotes virulence in maize leaves by attenuating β-glucan-induced defense responses.
- Bilal Ökmen
- , Elaine Jaeger
- & Gunther Doehlemann
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| Open Access
Agrobacterium expressing a type III secretion system delivers Pseudomonas effectors into plant cells to enhance transformation
Agrobacterium infection can cause defense responses in many plants, which leads to transformation recalcitrance. Here, the authors express type III secretion system in Agrobacterium to deliver effector proteins into plant cells to suppress host defense responses and thus enhance transformation in some plant species.
- Vidhyavathi Raman
- , Clemencia M. Rojas
- & Kirankumar S. Mysore
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Article
| Open Access
A fungal extracellular effector inactivates plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein
Plants produce polygalacuturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) to counteract cell wall degradation by pathogenic microbes. Here the authors show that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal pathogen that causes stem rot disease, secretes a PGIP-inactivating effector to diminish plant resistance.
- Wei Wei
- , Liangsheng Xu
- & Weidong Chen
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Article
| Open Access
A bacterial kinase phosphorylates OSK1 to suppress stomatal immunity in rice
XopC2 effectors are present in many plant bacterial pathogens. Here the authors show that XopC2 has kinase activity and enhances disease susceptibility by phosphorylating the OSK1 protein, which increases its interaction with the jasmonate receptor COI1b to promote JA signaling and stomatal opening.
- Shanzhi Wang
- , Shuai Li
- & Wenxian Sun
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| Open Access
Xanthomonas effector XopR hijacks host actin cytoskeleton via complex coacervation
Bacterial pathogens can subvert host cell processes through secreted proteins but the precise mechanisms and repertoire of proteins remains unclear. Here the authors report that a bacterial effector protein of Xanthomonas campestris, XopR, undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to hijack the host cell actin cytoskeleton.
- He Sun
- , Xinlu Zhu
- & Yansong Miao
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Article
| Open Access
The N-terminus of an Ustilaginoidea virens Ser-Thr-rich glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein elicits plant immunity as a MAMP
Ustilaginoidea virens is a fungal pathogen that infects rice via the panicles. Here, the authors show that U. virens SGP1, a conserved Ser-Thr-rich glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored protein, elicits immune responses in rice leaves while contributing to virulence in panicles.
- Tianqiao Song
- , You Zhang
- & Yongfeng Liu
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| Open Access
The Botrytis cinerea Crh1 transglycosylase is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response
Crh proteins catalyze crosslinking of chitin and glucan polymers in fungal cell walls. Here, Bi et al. show that a Crh protein from the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea acts as a cytoplasmic effector and elicitor of plant defense, and plants expressing this gene exhibit reduced sensitivity to the pathogen.
- Kai Bi
- , Loredana Scalschi
- & Amir Sharon
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| Open Access
Poaceae-specific cell wall-derived oligosaccharides activate plant immunity via OsCERK1 during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice
Pathogen entry to plant cells can release cell wall components. Here the authors show that two endoglucanases secreted by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, produce specific oligosaccharides from rice cell walls that trigger immunity by promoting dimerization of OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP receptors.
- Chao Yang
- , Rui Liu
- & Jun Liu
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Article
| Open Access
Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and immunity
Remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton occurs during plant immune responses to pathogens. Here Lu et al. show that this process requires the calcium-dependent kinase CPK3 which phosphorylates actin depolymerizing factor 4 and is required for both PAMP and effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.
- Yi-Ju Lu
- , Pai Li
- & Brad Day
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Article
| Open Access
Two nuclear effectors of the rice blast fungus modulate host immunity via transcriptional reprogramming
Plant pathogens secrete various effectors to manipulate host immunity. Here, Kim et al. describe two Magnaporthe oryzae effectors that translocate into the nuclei of infected rice cells and reprogram expression of immunity-associated genes, increasing susceptibility to hemibiotrophic pathogens.
- Seongbeom Kim
- , Chi-Yeol Kim
- & Yong-Hwan Lee
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| Open Access
Evolution of a guarded decoy protease and its receptor in solanaceous plants
Avr2 is an effector secreted by the phytopathogen Cladosporium fulvum to inhibit Rcr3, an apoplastic protease of solanaceous plants. Here the authors show that this interaction predates the emergence of Cf-2, an R-gene that evolved in Solanum to co-opt an existing effector-target reaction and trigger resistance.
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- , Shivani Malik
- & Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
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Article
| Open Access
An effector protein of the wheat stripe rust fungus targets chloroplasts and suppresses chloroplast function
Chloroplasts are important for plant immunity against microbial pathogens. Here Xu et al. identify, in the wheat stripe rust fungus, a haustorium-specific protein that is translocated into chloroplasts and affects chloroplast function by interacting with a putative component of the plant cytochrome b6-f complex.
- Qiang Xu
- , Chunlei Tang
- & Xiaojie Wang
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Article
| Open Access
The AvrPm3-Pm3 effector-NLR interactions control both race-specific resistance and host-specificity of cereal mildews on wheat
The wheat Pm3 immune receptors confer resistance against powdery mildew by recognizing isolate-specific avirulence (AVR) effectors of the pathogen. Here, the authors identify and characterize two new AVR genes and demonstrate that Pm3 receptors are determinants of host-specificity for grass mildews.
- Salim Bourras
- , Lukas Kunz
- & Beat Keller
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Article
| Open Access
A fungal substrate mimicking molecule suppresses plant immunity via an inter-kingdom conserved motif
Pit2 is a secreted Ustilago maydis effector that contributes to corn smut disease by inhibiting papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) in maize. Here Misas Villamil et al. show that Pit2 mimics PLCP substrates, and is cleaved to release a peptide that blocks PLCP activity and represses host immunity.
- Johana C. Misas Villamil
- , André N. Mueller
- & Gunther Doehlemann
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| Open Access
An EDS1 heterodimer signalling surface enforces timely reprogramming of immunity genes in Arabidopsis
CC and TIR-domain type NLR receptors trigger plant immunity in response to pathogen effectors. Here, Bhandari et al. show that the EP-domain surface of EDS1 heterodimers signals downstream of both receptor types and ensures a rapid transcriptional response in TIR-NLR immunity to bacteria.
- Deepak D. Bhandari
- , Dmitry Lapin
- & Jane E. Parker
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Article
| Open Access
A downy mildew effector evades recognition by polymorphism of expression and subcellular localization
Plant pathogens have evolved to evade detection by their hosts. Here, Asai et al. show that virulent isolates of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis can break resistance conferred by the Arabidopsis RPP4 resistance gene via variation in effector expression or subcellular localization.
- Shuta Asai
- , Oliver J. Furzer
- & Jonathan D. G. Jones
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Article
| Open Access
Variation in bradyrhizobial NopP effector determines symbiotic incompatibility with Rj2-soybeans via effector-triggered immunity
The soybean Rj2 gene encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein that confers resistance to nodulation by certain rhizobial strains. Here, the authors show that T3SS effector NopP is an avirulence protein that is necessary for Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 122 to trigger Rj2-dependent incompatibility.
- Masayuki Sugawara
- , Satoko Takahashi
- & Kiwamu Minamisawa
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Article
| Open Access
Extracellular ATP elicits DORN1-mediated RBOHD phosphorylation to regulate stomatal aperture
Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers signaling responses to wounding and environmental stimuli in plants. Here Chen et al. show that ATP perception by DORN1 can trigger stomatal closure mediated via RBOHD phosphorylation and ROS production.
- Dongqin Chen
- , Yangrong Cao
- & Gary Stacey
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Article
| Open Access
A hydrophobic anchor mechanism defines a deacetylase family that suppresses host response against YopJ effectors
A subset of α/β hydrolases is known to suppress the pathogen-triggered hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, but their mechanism of action remains unclear. The authors present two crystal structures and functional analyses of these enzymes, showing that HR is suppressed by a previously unknown family of deacetylases.
- Marco Bürger
- , Björn C. Willige
- & Joanne Chory
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Article
| Open Access
A 1-phytase type III effector interferes with plant hormone signaling
Plant pathogens translocate type III effector (T3E) proteins that may be recognized by plants to trigger immunity. Here, the authors show that the Xanthomonas T3E XopH possesses a novel 1-phytase activity that is required for XopH-mediated immunity of plants carrying the Bs7 resistance gene.
- Doreen Blüher
- , Debabrata Laha
- & Ulla Bonas
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Article
| Open Access
An oomycete plant pathogen reprograms host pre-mRNA splicing to subvert immunity
Various effectors of plant pathogens modulate host cell biology. Here, Huang et al. show PsAvr3c, an avirulence effector from oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae, can reprogram host pre-mRNA splicing for immune modulation.
- Jie Huang
- , Lianfeng Gu
- & Suomeng Dong
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Article
| Open Access
TAL effector driven induction of a SWEET gene confers susceptibility to bacterial blight of cotton
Transcription activator-like effectors contribute to virulence of theXanthomonas strain responsible for bacterial blight in cotton. Here Cox et al. show that the XanthomonasAvrb6 effector induces expression of the cotton SWEET10 sugar transporter and that this induction promotes disease.
- Kevin L. Cox
- , Fanhong Meng
- & Libo Shan
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Article
| Open Access
The fungal-specific β-glucan-binding lectin FGB1 alters cell-wall composition and suppresses glucan-triggered immunity in plants
β-glucans derived from fungal cell walls can trigger immune responses in animals, yet their roles in plant-fungal interactions are less well known. Here, Wawraet al. show that the FGB1 proteins, secreted by the fungal endophyte P. indica, can alter fungal cell wall composition and suppress immune responses in plants.
- Stephan Wawra
- , Philipp Fesel
- & Alga Zuccaro
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Article
| Open Access
A Phytophthora sojae effector suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated immunity by stabilizing plant Binding immunoglobulin Proteins
Phytophthora pathogens manipulate host plant immune responses by secreting effector proteins into plant cells. Here, Jing et al. show that the Phytophthora sojaeAvh262 effector negatively regulates plant resistance by binding to host BiP proteins and suppressing ER-stress induced cell death
- Maofeng Jing
- , Baodian Guo
- & Yuanchao Wang
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Two linked pairs of Arabidopsis TNL resistance genes independently confer recognition of bacterial effector AvrRps4
Plant immunity requires recognition of pathogen effector proteins by specific intracellular immune receptors. Here, Saucet et al. identify an additional pair of Arabidopsis receptors that act together to trigger defence responses upon recognition of the AvrRps4 effector from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.
- Simon B. Saucet
- , Yan Ma
- & Jonathan D.G. Jones
An NLR paralog Pit2 generated from tandem duplication of Pit1 fine-tunes Pit1 localization and function