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Under natural conditions, infections never occur in isolation, yet immunologists rarely consider the immunological outcome of multiple infections. In this Review, Gause and colleagues discuss how helminth infection affects antibacterial and antiviral responses.
The skin is a highly complex organ and the main body barrier against pathogens and other environmental factors. Heath and Carbone outline many of the innate and adaptive immune cell types associated with the skin.
Tumors can evade immune system–mediated destruction despite expressing antigenic neoepitopes. Gajewski, Schreiber and Fu discuss how the tumor microenvironment harnesses innate and adaptive immune cell regulatory processes to promote tumor survival.
Macrophages populate tissues under homeostatic conditions. Taylor and colleagues discuss the heterogeneity of tissue macrophage populations, and how they contribute to tissue function and immune surveillance.
Regulatory T (Treg) cells modulate immune cell responses. Mathis and colleagues review the specialized roles played by tissue-specific Treg cells and reveal new functions that can be attributed to distinct Treg cell subsets.
The liver is important in mediating immunity to blood-borne infections. Jenne and Kubes review the liver as an immune organ and discuss the roles of liver-resident cells and their interactions with circulating immune cells.
Sterols and oxysterol derivatives of cholesterol regulate diverse cellular processes. Nathanael Spann and Christopher Glass review the emerging data indicating that these endogenous compounds also serve key roles in almost all aspects of immunological function.