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Coronavirus-specific antibody and T cell responses were characterized in young children who had been naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2. Immune responses were focused against the spike protein, strong and stable in magnitude, and showed notable cross-reactivity with other human coronaviruses.
Mitochondria regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) size and protein maturation in healthy cells by releasing aspartate, regenerating cytoplasmic NAD+ and ADP-ribosylating the ER stress sensor BiP. In the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, a deficiency in mitochondrial aspartate in T cells causes an increase in ER size and excess production of the inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor (TNF), driving tissue inflammation.
