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Northern peatlands are estimated to store more than 1,000 Gt of carbon, almost doubling previous estimates, according to a reconstruction of historical peat carbon accumulation.
Volcanoes that typically erupt effusively can generate highly explosive eruptions of basaltic lava under specific temperature and viscosity conditions, suggest crystallization experiments combined with numerical models of magma fragmentation.
Pervasive drying over the last few centuries has reduced carbon storage in European peatlands, the result of climate change and human impacts, according to a continent-wide compilation of hydrological records derived from testate amoeba.
Southern Ocean surface waters near Australia emerged as a major source of CO2 during the last deglaciation due to shifting ecology and circulation, according a proxy record of seawater pH based on boron isotopes covering the past 25,000 years.
Minimum atmospheric CO2 levels during glacial intervals were set, in part, by repeated CO2 release from pyrite oxidation on exposed continental shelves, according to a geochemical model of the past 3 Myr.
Observations confirm that cleaning up fine particulate matter in the North China Plain has exacerbated ozone pollution, suggesting that both NOx and VOC emissions need to be reduced to improve air quality.
Isolation of deep water around Antarctica due to surface cooling can explain half of the change in atmospheric CO2 levels through glacial–interglacial cycles, according to coupled ocean–sea ice and biogeochemical numerical modelling.
During the submarine eruption of gas-rich magma into shallow water, a gas-tight seal forms, breaks and reseals, a process that results in violent explosions and the release of large gas bubbles, suggest low-frequency sound data from Bogoslof volcano, Alaska.
Brines from evaporation of a lake in Gale crater on Mars are inferred from bulk enrichments of Ca- and Mg-sulfates in Hesperian sedimentary rocks, identified by geochemical analyses and observations by NASA’s rover Curiosity.
Hot and dry climate extremes in Australia are linked to stratospheric polar vortex weakening, with potential implications for their predictability, according to statistical analyses of observational data from the past 40 years.
Warming in climate simulations since about 1970, when aerosol cooling showed little variation, constrains the transient climate response to doubled atmospheric CO2 levels to about 1.67 K, according to an analysis of this emergent constraint.
Domes on the dwarf planet Ceres could form by solid-state flow of low-density, ice-rich parts of its crust—a process analogous to salt doming on Earth—according to numerical simulations.
Aqueduct-supported cultivation of rice resulted in liquefaction of the alluvial soils that led to the landslides triggered by the Palu 2018 earthquake, according to satellite analyses.
Landslides triggered during the Palu 2018 earthquake correlate spatially with the presence of irrigation systems according to satellite analyses, suggesting that liquefaction of alluvial fans played a role.
The post-spinel transition in mantle composition, which occurs at 660-km depth in Earth’s mantle, takes place over a pressure range equivalent to 250 m in depth, according to multi-anvil experiments for realistic mantle compositions and temperatures.
A redistribution of marine calcifiers along with a reduction in weathering led to increased seafloor carbonate deposition during the late Neogene, according to a global compilation of carbonate mass accumulation rate records from sediment cores.
Steady-state chemical differentiation between Earth’s mantle and crust was reached 3.5 billion years ago, following vigorous crustal recycling, according to mass balance modelling of molybdenum isotopes measured in mantle-derived volcanic rocks.
Depleted mantle is a volumetrically dominant component of the Azores plume and possibly of oceanic basalt sources more generally, according to neodymium isotope compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from lavas of the Azores mantle plume.
Seismicity induced by wastewater injections is widespread in Oklahoma, probably because its basement is susceptible to the reactivation of basement-rooted faults, according to three-dimensional seismic analyses, rock-mechanics experiments and field surveys.
The Havre Tough back-arc basin, New Zealand, formed rapidly and in two phases: initial, limited seafloor spreading was followed by a transition to arc magmatism, as shown by geophysical data and modelling.